Bio, 1,2,10,11

Cells

the basic structural and functional units of every organism

Prokaryotes

Domains Bacteria and Archaea; DNA is in the nucleoid region; generally smaller in size than eukaryotes

Eukaryotes

Includes protists, fungi, animals, and plants; DNA is in the nucleus; contain membrane bound organelles

Organelles

membrane bound structures in eukaryotes

Endomembrane organelles

Includes nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, vesicles/vacuoles, and plasma membrane

Energy organelles

Includes mitochondria and chloroplasts

Compartmentalization

Allows for different metabolic reactions to occur in different locations; increases surface area for reactions; prevents interfering reactions from occurring in the same location

Nucleus

Contains chromosomes (genetic information); enclosed by the nuclear envelope; has pores that regulate entry and exit of materials

Nucleolus

Dense region of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized; rRNA is combined with proteins to form large and small subunits of ribosomes

Ribosomes

Comprised of ribosomal RNA and protein; function to synthesize proteins

Free ribosomes

Ribosomes found in the cytosol; proteins produced here generally function only within the cytosol

Bound ribosomes

Ribosomes bound to the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope; proteins produced here can be secreted from the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A network of membranous sacs and tubes that synthesizes membranes and compartmentalizes the cell

Rough ER

Contains ribosomes bound to the ER membrane

Smooth ER

Contains no ribosomes; synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, and detoxifies the cell

Golgi Complex

Contains flattened membranous sacs called cisternae; modifies, sorts, and packages materials into new transport vesicles

Lysosomes

Membranous sac with hydrolytic enzymes that hydrolyzes macromolecules in animal cells

Autophagy

Process by which lysosomes recycle their own cell's organic materials

Peroxisomes

Similar to lysosomes; membrane bound metabolic compartment that catalyzes reactions producing H2O2

Vacuoles

Large vesicles that stem from the ER and Golgi; types include food vacuole, contractile vacuole, and central vacuole

Food vacuole

Forms via phagocytosis and is digested by lysosomes

Contractile vacuole

Maintains water levels in cells

Central vacuole

Found in plants; contains inorganic ions and water; important for turgor pressure

Transcription

Process of DNA being transcribed by RNA polymerase into messenger RNA (mRNA)

Translation

Process where ribosomes decode the information in mRNA and form continuous chains of amino acids, thus forming a protein

Ribosomes Function

Synthesize proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum Functions

Synthesizes membranes and compartmentalizes the cell to keep proteins formed in the rough ER separate from those of free ribosomes

Golgi Complex Functions

Receives transport vesicles with materials from the ER, modifies the materials, sorts the materials, adds molecular tags, and packages materials into new transport vesicles that exit the membrane via exocytosis

Cis Face of Golgi

Receives vesicles from the ER

Trans Face of Golgi

Sends vesicles back out into cytosol to other locations or to the plasma membrane for secretion

Albumin

An important protein in humans that regulates oncotic pressure of blood

Insulin Production in Pancreatic Cells

In normal functioning pancreatic cells, insulin is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Endosymbiont Theory

the theory that explains the similarities mitochondria and chloroplasts have to a prokaryote

Endosymbiont Theory Evidence

Double membrane

Mitochondria

Site of cellular respiration

Mitochondria Structure

Outer membrane is smooth

Mitochondria Compartments

Intermembrane: space between inner and outer membrane

Mitochondrial Matrix

Location for the Krebs cycle

Mitochondrial Matrix Contents

Contains: Enzymes that catalyze cellular respiration and produce ATP, Mitochondrial DNA, Ribosomes

Mitochondria Quantity

The number of mitochondria in a cell correlates with metabolic activity

Chloroplast

Specialized organelles in photosynthetic organisms

Chloroplast Function

Site of photosynthesis

Chloroplast Contents

Contains the green pigment chlorophyll

Chloroplast Structure

Inside of its double membrane: Thylakoids

Thylakoids

Membranous sacs that can organize into stacks called grana

Stroma

Fluid around thylakoids

Stroma Function

Location for the Calvin cycle

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton Function

Give structural support (especially for animal cells) and mechanical support

Cytoskeleton Types

There are 3 types of fibers in the cytoskeleton: Microtubules, Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments