Lecture Exam 3

What are the 3 primary vesicles that become 5 secondary vesicles during development?

Prosencephalon: Telencephalon & Diencephalon

Mesencephalon: mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon: metencephalon & myelencephalon

What are the four cavities in the brain called? What are they filled with?

Ventricles filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Which secondary vesicle are the lateral ventricles associated with?

Telencephalon

What structure connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle?

Interventricular foramen

True or false?

The left hemisphere controls language, reading, writing, speaking, and logic; the right hemisphere controls sensory information and spatial relationships.

Four lobes of the cerebrum and the structures that go with each:

Occipital lobe - visual cortex

Parietal lobe - post-central gyrus

Temporal lobe - auditory cortex

Frontal lobe - Broca’s area, prefrontal cortex, pre-central gyrus

Corpora quadrigemina function

auditory/visual

superior colliculi - sight

inferior colliculi - sound

Red nucleus function

maintains muscle tone & posture

Substantia nigra function

controls dopamine release; impacts muscle tone

Parkinson’s disease

What are the four functions of the nervous system?

Awareness, establishing patterns of response, coordination and control, memory and learning

What makes up the central nervous system?

Brain + spinal cord

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

31

The peripheral nervous system is broken down into which two nervous systems?

Autonomic - involuntary control

Somatic - voluntary control

The autonomic nervous system can be broken down into which two divisions?

Sympathetic & parasympathetic

What are characteristics of Sympathetic division?

Fight or flight, speed heart rate, slow digestion, thoracolumbar

Characteristics of parasympathetic division?

rest & digest, slow heart rate, prioritizes digestion, craniosacral

Four parts of a neuron

Soma

Dendrites

Axon

Synaptic terminals

Axon

conducts nerve impulse, hollow containing only cytoplasm, insulated by a myelin sheath

Dendrites

Receive input from environment or other cells

Synaptic terminals

distal portion of the axon where signal output occurs

Soma

cell body, contains nucleus and mitochondria

Which division of the ANS uses Acetylcholine at pre and post ganglionic fibers?

Parasympathetic division

What structure is responsible for visual and auditory data?

Corpora quadrigemina

Superior - sight

Inferior - sound

What is the pituitary gland suspended by?

Infundibulum

What is the flow of sound conduction?

Auricle > external acoustic meatus > tympanic membrane > malleus > incus > stapes > oval window > vestibular & tympanic ducts > cochlear duct > basilar membrane

What is the flow of tears?

Lacrimal gland > lacrimal ducts > across conjunctiva of eye > lacrimal puncti > lacrimal canaliculi > lacrimal sac > nasolacrimal duct > inferior nasal meati

What is the flow of CSF?

Choroid plexus (in each ventricle) > lateral ventricles > interventricular foramen > 3rd ventricle > mesencephalic aqueduct > 4th ventricle > central canal or apertures > subarachnoid space > arachnoid granulations > dural sinuses

What are the functions of the nervous system?

awareness, coordination & control, memory & learning, establishing patterns of response

What makes up the CNS?

brain and spinal cord

What makes up the PNS?

cranial nerves

spinal nerves

What are the divisions of the ANS

sympathetic - thoracolumbar - speeds heart

parasympathetic - craniosacral - slows heart, controls smooth muscle contractions, involuntary control

What are the parts of a generic neuron?

Soma (cell body)

Dendrites - input from environment or other cells

Axon - conducts nerve impulse, insulated by myelin sheath

Synaptic terminal - output to muscle, gland, or nerve, distal portion of axon

Structural types of neurons

Anaxonic - dendrites and axons look alike, located in CNS

Bipolar - soma between dendrite & axon, rare & special senses

Unipolar - soma to one side of axon & dendrite, sensory nerve endings of PNS

Multipolar - several dendrites & single axon, CNS

Afferent vs. Efferent axons

Afferent - sensory nerves, brings sensory info to CNS from tissues/organs

Efferent - motor nerves, carry motor commands from CNS to muscles/glands

Three types of receptors for sensory nerves

Exterocepter