Anatomy and Physiology 1

Definition of Anatomy

Study of structure

Definition of Physiology

Study of function

what determines Function?

Structure

What are the Living Characteristics?

Organization, metabolism, responsiveness, homeostasis, development, reproduction, evolution

What makes something Non-Living?

Missing at least one of the living characteristics

What is Organization?

Complexity and functional unit

What is Metabolism?

All of the chemical reactions in the body

What is Responsiveness?

Ability to sense stimuli and react

What is Development?

Growth and/or Differentiation

What is Growth?

increase in size or number of cells

What is Differentiation?

Change in cells from general to specialized

What is Reproduction?

Produce new cells or new organisms

What is Homestasis?

Ability to maintain internal stability

What is Evolution?

Changes over generations caused by mutations and natural selection

What is the Human Hierarchy of Complexity?

Atom, Molecule, Macromolecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

What is an Atom?

Smallest unit of matter

What is a Molecule/Compound?

At least two atoms bonded together

What is a Macromolecule?

Large Molecule

What is an Organelle?

Component of cell with specific structure and function

What is a Cell?

Functional unit of life that has cytoplasm and is surrounded by plasma membrane

What is the most basic structure considered alive?

Cell

What is a Tissue?

Group of similar cells, their products and the materials surrounding them

What is an Organ?

Two or more tissues functioning together

What is an Organ System?

Multiple organs functioning together

What is an Organism?

Organ systems functioning together

What is the order of Information Flow?

Stimulus, afferent signal, control center, efferent signal, effector

Is the Afferent Signal the input or output?

Input

Is the Efferent Signal the input or the output?

Output

What is a Gradient?

System in which there is an imbalance between two points

What is the Gradient Flow?

Components of the gradient diffuse

What is Diffusion?

Spontaneous movement from high to low

What does it mean to flow down a gradient?

Diffuse

Types of Gradients

Concentration, Temperature, Pressure, Electrical

Does it take energy to move up or down a gradient?

Up

What is the definition of Homeostasis?

Maintenance of a relatively stable environment

What are the two types of Feedback Systems?

Negative and Positive

What does a Negative Feedback System do?

Opposes change which supports homeostasis

What does a Positive Feedback System do?

Amplifies change which opposes homeostasis

Components of a Feedback System

Variable, set point, normal range, stimulus, receptor, control center, effector

Definition of a Variable

Thing being maintained

Definition of Set Point

Ideal normal value

Definition of Normal Range

Values of a variable as it fluctuates around the set point

Definition of Stimulus

Deviates variable from set point

Definition of Receptor

Monitors value of variable

Definition of Control Center

Establishes the set point

Definition of Effector

Structure that changes the value of the variable

What are Macromolecules/Organic Molecules/Biomolecules composed of?

Carbon and any functional group

Why is carbon the foundation of Macromolecules?

Common, 4 valence electrons, covalent bonds, binds to other carbons

What do Functional Groups do for Macromolecules?

Give properties

What are the main Functional Groups?

Carboxyl, Hydroxyl, Amino, Phosphate

What are the classes of Organic Molecules?

Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, protein

What is a Monomer?

Smallest type

What is a Dimer?

Two monomers

What is an Oligomer?

3-10 monomers

What is a Polymer?

100+ monomers

What is a Dehydration Synthesis?

Chemical reaction that bind monomers

What is the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen release for Dehydration Synthesis?

2H and 1O

When monomers go through Dehydration Synthesis what does it produce?

Polymer and water

What does Hydrolysis do?

Breaks monomer bonds

How does Hydrolysis work?

Adds water to bound monomers to break their bonds

Structure of Carbohydrates

Carbon backbone with 2:1 ratio of H and O

How many carbons are in Carbohydrate monomers?

3-7

What is the suffix for Carbohydrates?

-saccharides

What is the functions of Carbohydrate Monomers?

Near immediate energy use

What is the function of Carbohydrate Polymers?

short term energy storage

Structure of Lipids

Macromolecule with many C and H but few O

Types of Lipids

Fatty acid, phospholipid, steroid

What do Fatty Acids do?

Long term energy storage

What do Phospholipids do?

Cell membrane

What do Steroids do?

Hormones

Structure of Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides

What are the functions of Nucleic Acids?

Store genetic information, immediate energy use

What are Nucleotides made of?

Nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group

What are the Nitrogenous bases?

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil

What are the types of 5-Carbon Sugars?

Ribose and Deoxyribose

What is the energy trend for the amount of Phosphate Groups?

More phosphates = more energy

What is ATP made of?

Nucleotides

What is ATP used for?

Immediate energy in cells

How is ATP converted into energy?

Break 3rd phosphate group

How much ATP is used in the human body everday?

88 pounds

Monomer structure of Protein

Amino Acids

What are the functions of Proteins?

Cell structure, signaling, movement, protection, catalyst

What are Amino Acids made of?

Amine, carboxyl, central carbon, functional group

What determines the name and properties of an Amino Acid?

Functional Group

Polymer structure of Protein

Polypeptides

What are the two less common version of peptides?

Di and Oligo

What is the mechanism for forming the Amino Acid peptide bond?

Dehydration synthesis of carboxyl and amine to form C-N

What is the shape of all Polypeptides?

Complex 3D shape

When does a Polypeptide get its complex shape?

During and immediately after coming out of the ribosome

What determines the tertiary structure of a Polypeptide?

Amino Acid sequence

Traits of a Primary Protein Structure

Sequence of Amino Acid, determines everything else

What are the two partially folded structures of Secondary Protein Structure?

Alpha helices and Beta pleated sheets

Why is the Secondary Protein Structure partially 2d?

H-bonds between amino acids

Which Protein Structure Level determines function?

Tertiary

What causes the Tertiary structure to form?

R group interactions

What is a Conformational Change?

Change in the tertiary structure

What does a Conformational Change do?

Change in function

How does a Conformational Change happen?

Bonding or unbonding of molecules

What is Denaturation and what causes it?

Unfolding of protein that is caused by heat or acid exposure

What happens to the Tertiary Structure when a protein under goes Denaturation?

Goes away