TExES Core Subjects EC-6 Science

History of Cell Theory

Robert Hooke first discovered the cell, but Henri Dutrochet discovered that all living things are made up of cells and "Every cell is derived from another cell".

History of Plate Tectonics

Alfred Wegener used plate tectonics or what he referred to as continental drift to explain how one the earth was formed together in a single landmass- it would be called Pangea later

History of Laws of Motion

Sir Issac Newton discovered
1. The law of inertia- an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion will continue in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted on by an unbalance force.
2. F=m*a- Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass. The greater the mass the greater the amount of force needed.
3. For every action there is an opposite reaction.

History of Universal Gravity

Sir Isaac Newton
Every object is influenced by the pull of gravity on earth and will be pulled by gravity down. The apple tree.

Science Thinking Skill- Observing

Using the senses to obtain information from the environment

Science Thinking Skill-Communicating

Talking, drawing, electronic information sharing, and acting

Science Thinking Skill-Comparing

Pairing, judging, similarities and differences, and seeking one-to-one correspondence

Science Thinking Skill-Organizing

Grouping, seriating, and sequencing

Science Thinking Skill-Relating

Determining cause-and-effect, connecting concepts, and grouping information

Science Thinking Skill- Inferring

Using super-ordinate/subordinate classification, using date to make assumptions, employing if/then reasoning, and developing scientific laws

Science Thinking Skill-Applying

Using knowledge to develop strategic plans, invent new concepts, and processes

Science Learning Cycle

Consisted of Exploration-Concept Invention-Application phases, and is now outdated.

5-E Model of scientific inquiry

Replaced the Learning Cycle
Engage-capture curiousity, demo, questions, guided lab
Explore- Hands on, make investigations, collect data, students must do this THEMSELVES
Explain- Students share their findings guided by the teacher, and ends with the central science concept presented
Elaborate- Use their information they've found to how it applies to other things.
Evaluate - Assessments

Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain-Level 1: Knowledge

Recall Factual information on command

Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain-Level 2: Comprehension

Communicate an idea in a different form

Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain-Level 3: Application

Use what is known to find new solutions or apply in new situations

Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain-Level 4: Analysis

Break things and ideas down into component parts and find their unique characteristics

Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain-Level 5: Synthesis

Use what is known to think creatively and divergently; make something new or original; pattern ideas or things in a new way.

Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain-Level 6: Evaluation

Use what is known to make judgement and ratings; accept or reject ideas; determine the worthiness of an idea or thing

Reliability and why it is important

Established when the same or closely similar findings occur each time the experiment is repeated, providing strong support for conclusions made.

3 Types of Models

Physical- ex: Physical model of a cell
Conceptual- ex: concept map or an analogy
Mathematical- ex: mathematical formula d=m/v
*Models are limited*

Density

A certain amount of mass is packed into a given amount of space. D=m/v

Magnetism

The force of attraction or repulsion between objects that results from the positive and negative ionic charges of the objects.

Gravity

The magnetic attraction of the earth

Force

The action of moving an object by pushing or pulling it.

Work

The product of the force acting in the direction of movement and causing displacement

Energy

The ability to do work

Simple Machine

few or no moving parts and can change the size and direction of a force. EX screw, hammer, wedge

Complex Machine

two or more simple machines working together to facilitate work. EX wheelbarrow, can opener, bicycle

Matter

Anything that takes up space and has mass

Mass

Amount of matter in an object or thing

Volume

The amount of space that matter takes up

Weight

the amount of gravitational force exerted over an object

Elements

Basic kinds of matter
118 make up the periodic table

Atoms

Sub-microscopic components that make up elements, but are made themselves of electrons, neutrons, and protons.

Molecules

two or more atoms bonded together in a chemical bond

Compounds

Two more more Different kinds of atoms in the molecule.

Physical Properties of Matter

Color, Density, Hardness, Conductivity

Hardness

Resistance to penetration offered by a given substance

Conductivity

The ability of substances to transmit thermal or electric current

Mixtures

Combinations of two or more substances where each substance is distinct from the other

Solutions

mixtures that are homogeneous which means that the components are distributed evenly and there is an even concentration throughout.

Physical Change

Does not change what the substance is made of but will change the physical appearance. Can be reversed.

Chemical Change

When the substances that were combined are no longer the same molecules, they have changed to a new substance. Can not be reversed

Exothermic Reactions

When heat is given off in a chemical change

Endothermic reactions

When heat is absorbed in a chemical change

Kinetic Energy

The possession of energy because of the objects ability to move.

Potential Energy

Energy that an object has as the result of its position

Activation Energy

The necessary energy required to transfer or convert potential energy into kinetic energy

Photosynthesis

Plants capture radiant energy from the sun and transform it into chemical energy in the form of glucose

Conduction

Process of transferring heat or electricity through a substance

Radiation

Energy that travels at high speed in empty space in the form of light or through the decay of radioactive elements.

Refraction

When light traveling in a straight line, hits and object or substance and is bent EX: Rainbows and prisms

Reflection

When light wave bound back, as when looking in a mirror

Longitudinal Waves

Move parallel to the direction the waves moves, like a spring

Transverse waves

Move perpendicular to the direction of the wave

Aerobic Respiration

Producing enzymes for the metabolic conversion of food to energy, and consumes oxygen

Prokaryotic Cells

Simplest and most primitive types of cells, lack a nucleus and instead have one strand of DNA. Make up the Monera kingdom

Eukaryotic Cell

Found in both plants and animals. contain a organelles which prokaryotic cells do not.

Five Kingdoms of Living Things

Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plants
Animals

Complete Metamorphisis

4 Stages
Egg
Larva
Pupa
Adult
EX: Butterflies

Incomplete Metamorphisis

3 stags
Egg
Nymph
Adult
EX: Grasshoppers

Basic Needs of All Living Organisms

Air
Water
Food
Shelter

Organ System Organizations

Cells --> Tissues --> Organs --> Systems --> Organ Systems --> Organism

Circulatory System

Works to carry oxygen through the body and get rid of carbon dioxide includes your heart

Digestive System

Takes food and sends nutrients to the body. Stomach has acid, small intestine absorbs nutrients, large intestine absorbs water. Includes stool.

Excretory System

Excretes waste from your body, Like Kidneys and urine, removes waste from the blood. Including sweat.

Muscular System

3 muscle tissues, smooth, cardiac, and skeletal help the bones move

Nervous System

Brain and Spinal Cord
Controls Voluntary and Involuntary Actions
Uses Neurons

Reproductive System

Allows animals to reproduce
Starts in grades 5 & 6
Menstrual cycle
Meiosis occurs to produce Sperm

Respiratory System

Lungs, Intake of oxygen into the body and exhale of carbon dioxide outside of the body. Uses Hemoglobin.

Skeletal System

206 adult bones more at birth some form together
Protect organs
Provide support
produce blood cells from bone marrow

Immune System

Defend itself again foreign proteins and infectious organisms. Includes thymus, lymph system, bone marrow, white blood cells, antibodies, and hormones.

Asexual Reproduction

Only in single-celled organisms, mitosis makes a "daughter" cell which is identical

Mitosis

Process of cell splitting to create two identical cells 46 chromosomes present in the new cell.

Meisosis

An egg replicates and divides twice, leaving 4 cells with 23 chromosomes on each. Then the sperm fertilizes the egg. then the two come together for a new cell.

Sexual Reproductions

Requires the combination of DNA between two organisms of the same species.

Asexual Plant Reproductions

Cutting off part of the plant and replanting it

Sexual Plant Reproduction

The flower is the reproductive organ and is fertilized.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid or the hereditary material of living organisms

Chromosomes

contain the genetic code, or DNA

Genes

Inside chromosomes and direct specific hereditary traits

Alleles

The gene for eye color and other traits that are the paired chromosomes in the same location. Set when the egg is fertilized. Made up of dominant and recessive Genes.

Component of an Ecosystem: Producers

Green Plants that produce Oxygen and store chemical energy for consumers

Component of an Ecosystem: Consumers

Animals, both herbivores and carnivores.

Component of an Ecosystem: Decomposers

like fungi and bacteria, are in charge of cleaning up the environment by decomposing and freeing dead matter for recycling back into the ecosystem.

Parts of an Insect

Head, Thorax, Abdomen

Geological Processes

Formation of Deserts, Mountains, rivers, oceans, and other landforms

Layers of the earth

Crust-Where we live
Mantle- Thickest layer mostly rocks and metals, very hot melting the rocks and creating magma
Core- Inner part of the Earth
Inner Core- Solid- mostly solid iron and nickel - heat like the surface of the sun but the pressure keeps things soid.
Outer core- liquid

Tectonic Plates: Convergent Plates

Plates that Come together

Tectonic Plates: Divergent Plates

Plates that move apart

Subduction Zone

When one convergent plate moves underneath another plate

Weathering

The Process of breaking down, rock, soils, and minerals through natural, chemical, and biological processes.

Exfoliation

Type of weathering
When the soil is exposed first to high temperatures, which causes the soil to expand, and then to cold temperatures, which makes the soil contract. The stress causing the outer layers of rock to peel off

Freeze-thaw

Type of Weathering
breaks down rock when water gets into rock joints or crack sand then freezes and expands, breaking the rock.

Erosion

The movement of sediment from one location to the other through the use of water, wind, ice, or gravity. EX the creation of the Grand Canyon

Earthquake

The shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth's surface.

Faults

Breaks in Earth's crust where rocks have slipped past each other. Or a deep crack where the boundary between two plates occurs.

Richter Scale

a logarithmic scale of 1 to 10 used to express the energy released by an earthquake

Volcanoes

Formed by the constant motion of tectonic plates. Forces magma from the mantel to escape to the surface creating an explosion of lava, fire, and ash.