Child Psychopathology: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

These flashcards cover essential vocabulary and key definitions related to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) as discussed in the course materials.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that cause impairment in major life activities.

Inattention

A core symptom of ADHD where the individual has difficulty sustaining attention, following through on tasks, and resisting distractions.

Hyperactivity

A core symptom of ADHD involving excessive movement, inability to remain seated, and fidgeting.

Impulsivity

A core symptom of ADHD where individuals act without thinking, leading to risks and difficulties in waiting their turn or delaying gratification.

DSM-5-TR

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision, which provides criteria for diagnosing ADHD.

Comorbid conditions

The presence of one or more additional disorders co-occurring with ADHD, such as anxiety and mood disorders.

Predominantly Inattentive Presentation

A type of ADHD characterized primarily by inattention, such as careless mistakes and difficulty maintaining focus.

Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation

A type of ADHD that mainly involves hyperactive and impulsive behaviors, such as fidgeting and interrupting others.

Combined Presentation (ADHD-C)

A type of ADHD that displays significant symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity.

Parent Management Training (PMT)

A therapeutic approach aimed at equipping parents with skills to manage their child's ADHD symptoms and behavior effectively.

Neuroimaging studies

Studies that use imaging technology to observe differences in brain structures and functions in individuals with ADHD compared to those without.

Executive Functions

Higher cognitive processes including working memory, planning, and impulse control that are often impaired in children with ADHD.

Stimulant medications

Pharmacological treatments commonly used to manage ADHD symptoms, such as methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine.

Cognitive deficits

Problems in mental processes like attention, memory, and planning which are typically observed in children with ADHD.

Socioeconomic Status (SES) and ADHD

ADHD affects children from all backgrounds, but is reported to be slightly more common in lower SES groups.

Tic disorders

Disorders characterized by sudden, repetitive movements or sounds which can co-occur with ADHD.

Non-stimulant Medications for ADHD

A class of pharmacological treatments, distinct from stimulants, used to manage ADHD symptoms (e.g., atomoxetine, guanfacine, clonidine), often chosen when stimulants are ineffective or poorly tolerated.

Neurotransmitters in ADHD

Key brain chemicals, primarily dopamine and norepinephrine, that are often dysregulated in individuals with ADHD, influencing attention, motivation, and impulse control pathways.

Genetic Predisposition in ADHD

The substantial influence of inherited genetic factors in the development of ADHD, indicating that the disorder runs in families.

ADHD in Adulthood

The continuation of ADHD symptoms from childhood into adult years, presenting challenges in areas such as executive functions, professional performance, and interpersonal relationships.

Behavioral Therapy for ADHD

A common non-pharmacological treatment approach that teaches strategies to individuals and families for managing ADHD symptoms and improving daily functioning, often including skill development and consequence management.

Educational Accommodations for ADHD

Adjustments or supports provided in school settings, such as extended time on tests, preferential seating, or modified assignments, to help students with ADHD succeed academically.

Diagnostic Process for ADHD

A comprehensive evaluation involving clinical interviews, behavior rating scales, and often information from multiple informants (parents, teachers) to determine if an individual meets the DSM-5-TR criteria for ADHD.

Dopamine Dysregulation in ADHD

A primary neurobiological aspect of ADHD involving imbalances or reduced activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is crucial for reward, motivation, and attention circuits in the brain.