Biology end of year

What is DNA?

A molecule that stores genetic information

What is continuous variation?

A characteristic that can change gradually

What is discontinuous variation?

A characteristic that can only be categorised

What is natural selection

The idea that the fittest survive and pass along their traits to their offspring.

What are mutations?

New forms of genes

what are vertibrates

animals that have a spine

What are the five groups of vertebrates?

amphibians, birds, fish, reptiles, mammals

What are the causes of extinction (4)

New predators, new diseases, habitat loss and climate change

What is selective breeding?

Breeding organisms to produce offspring with desirable traits

What are chromosomes made of

DNA

What are the 4 theories of dinosaur extinction?

Asteroid, volcano, radiation, ice age.

What are the benefits of classifying animals? (2)

It helps to understand how living things are related and It helps you understand evolution.

what does extinct mean

no longer in existence

what 4 things do animals compete for?

Food, water, mates, territory

What is a gene bank?

A store of genes of different species.

Genes are coiled tightly into …

DNA

genes are long strands that contain

chromosomes

Genes are sections of DNA that contain information for a particular

characteristic

All the DNA of an organism can be found inside the …………………… of each of their cells.

nucleus

draw a dna molecule

what is dna made of

genes

What is emphysema?

A condition in which the alveoli are damaged and enlarged.

Where does aerobic respiration take place in a cell?

The mitochondria

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

What is the balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration?

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

What is the difference between respiration and breathing?

Respiration is a chemical process which is the release of energy and breathing is the physical process of inhalation and exhalation

What changes take place in the body during and following exercise?

The heart rate and the breathing rate increases.

Why does heart rate change with exercise?

To pump more blood and oxygen around the body

Why does breathing rate change with exercise?

To bring more oxygen into the body and get rid of the carbon dioxide.

Where does anerobic respiration occur?

In the cytoplasm

What is the two word equation for anaerobic respiration

Glucose → lactic acid + carbon dioxide

What are the similarities of aerobic and anaerobic respiration? (2)

They take place in cells and they release energy

What are the differences of aerobic and anaerobic respiration? (2)

Anaerobic takes place without oxygen and they take place in different parts of the cell

What do the bronchi do

Direct air into the lungs

What do the bronchioles do

Carry air from the bronchi to the alveoli

What do alveoli do?

Carry out gas exchange in the body

How does the bell jar modal show ventilation? (2)

It shows the change in pressure and it shows how the diaphragm contracts and releases

What does smoking do to the respiratory system?

It breaks down the alveoli membrane

What is gas exchange?

When oxygen diffuses into blood

What is diffusion

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration

How are alveoli adapted? (3)

Moist cell walls, thin cell walls (one cell thick), large surface area

What causes variation?

Changes in DNA

What are inherited features

Features that are passed down from parents to their offspring through DNA

What are some genetic features

Dimples, freckles, hair colour

What are 3 environmental features

Scars, language, tattoos

Functions of roots (3)

anchor the plant, absorb water and minerals.

Function of stem

Transports water and nutrients.

Functions of leaves

Leaves are the main sites for photosynthesis, converting sunlight into food

Functions of flowers

Flowers are involved in reproduction.

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen.

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

What are food webs?

Networks of interconnected food chains that depict the flow of energy within an ecosystem

What is a producer?

An organism that makes its own food through photosynthesis

What is a consumer?

any organism that eats other living things

What does interdependence mean?

All organisms rely on each other for survival, meaning a change in one organism's population can impact the entire ecosystem.