Chapter 32: Introduction to Animals

**Photoautotrophic**

Producing energy from light

**Heterotrophic**

Obtaining energy from organic compounds

**Chemoheterotrophic**

Organism that derives energy from chemical and organic compounds

**Multicellular**

Containing a multitude of differing cell types

**Cell walls**

Rigid structures on the outside of plant cells that support and protect

**Glycocalyx**

Exterior of animal cells, analogous to plant cell wall

**Tissues**

Collection of cells with the same structure

**Sexual reproduction**

Reproduction through the combination of two different organisms’ genetic material

**Gametic meiosis**

Gametes are formed through meiosis and organisms through mitosis, performed in animals

**Cleavage**

Process through which zygotes becomes multicellular embryo

**Blastula**

Multicellular embryonic hollow cell; zygote after cleavage

**Gastrulation**

The process through which a gastrula forms from a blastula

**Ectoderm**

Outermost layer of gastrula, covers the surface of the embryo and can give rise to covering or nervous system

**Mesoderm**

Middle layer of gastrula, fills space between ecto and endoderm; gives rise to some muscles and organs

**Endoderm**

Innermost layer of gastrula, gives rise to digestive tract and cavity and lining of organs

**Gastrula**

Embryo stage after the blastula, contains different layers of embryonic tissue

**Larva**

sexually immature form that is morphologically distinct from the adult

**Metamorphosis**

Developmental transformation that changes the organism from the larval stage to the adult (sexually mature) form

***Hox*** **genes**

Genes that regulate the placement and development of body segmentation and structures in animals

**Body plan**

Set of morphological and developmental traits that are integrated into a functional whole (animal)

**Radial symmetry**

Symmetry that is arranged on a single axis

**Bilateral symmetry**

Symmetry that is arranged on two axis

**Dorsal**

Top side of axis

**Ventral**

Bottom side of axis

**Asymmetry**

No symmetry

**Diploblastic**

Animals that lack mesoderms

**Triploblastic**

Animals that possess mesoderms

**Body cavity**

Fluid or air filled space between the endo and ectoderm

**Coelom**

Body cavity formed by mesoderm tissue, enables organs to move independently of outer body

**Hemolymph**

fluid that functions as a transport of internal nutrients, analogous to blood

**Hemocoel**

Body cavity formed between meso and endoderm

**Protostome**

Organism that develops the mouth first and the anus second

**Deuterostome**

Organism that develops the anus first and the mouth second

**Invertebrate**

Animal that lacks a vertebrates (spine)

**Vertebrate**

Animals that possess vertebrates (spine)

**Hemichordates**

Lower classification of Deuterostomia Acorn worms, invertebrates

**Echinoderms**

Lower classification of Deuterostomia, sea stars and relatives; invertebrates

**Chordates**

Lower classification of Deuterostomia, possess backbone; vertebrates

**Lophophore**

Crown of ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth

**Trochophore**

Distinctive larval stage of Lophotrochozoa

**Ecdysozoa**

Group of animals that possess exoskeletons

**Exoskeleton**

Hard outer protective covering of some organisms

**Ecdysis**

Scientific term for molting of the exoskeleton

Monophyletic

All animals are (blank)

Sponges

(blank) are a sister group to all other animals

Eumetazoa

Animal clade with tissues, “true animals”

Bilateria

Most animals belong to which phyla

Deuterostomia

Lophotrochozoa

Ecdysozoa

3 major clades of bilateria

Fish (chordata) and Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)

Which groups are polyphyletic

Ecdysozoa: Arthropoda and nematodes

Which groups are paraphyletic

Enchinoderm

Lower classification of phylum echinodermata, invertebrates that possess a hard spine covering (sea urchins)

Phoradendron Leucarpum

Mistletoe

Parasitic

Opposite leaves

Oklahoma emblem

Physalia physalis

Portuguese man o’ war

Not true jellyfish

Nematocysts

(touch it)

Aristotl’’s lantern

Mouth on the underside of sea urchins

Hydra spp.

Organisms that exhibits radial symmetry