Chapter 32: Introduction to Animals

Photoautotrophic

Photoautotrophic

Producing energy from light

Heterotrophic

Obtaining energy from organic compounds

Chemoheterotrophic

Organism that derives energy from chemical and organic compounds

Multicellular

Containing a multitude of differing cell types

Cell walls

Rigid structures on the outside of plant cells that support and protect

Glycocalyx

Exterior of animal cells, analogous to plant cell wall

Tissues

Collection of cells with the same structure

Sexual reproduction

Reproduction through the combination of two different organisms’ genetic material

Gametic meiosis

Gametes are formed through meiosis and organisms through mitosis, performed in animals

Cleavage

Process through which zygotes becomes multicellular embryo

Blastula

Multicellular embryonic hollow cell; zygote after cleavage

Gastrulation

The process through which a gastrula forms from a blastula

Ectoderm

Outermost layer of gastrula, covers the surface of the embryo and can give rise to covering or nervous system

Mesoderm

Middle layer of gastrula, fills space between ecto and endoderm; gives rise to some muscles and organs

Endoderm

Innermost layer of gastrula, gives rise to digestive tract and cavity and lining of organs

Gastrula

Embryo stage after the blastula, contains different layers of embryonic tissue

Larva

sexually immature form that is morphologically distinct from the adult

Metamorphosis

Developmental transformation that changes the organism from the larval stage to the adult (sexually mature) form

Hox genes

Genes that regulate the placement and development of body segmentation and structures in animals

Body plan

Set of morphological and developmental traits that are integrated into a functional whole (animal)

Radial symmetry

Symmetry that is arranged on a single axis

Bilateral symmetry

Symmetry that is arranged on two axis

Dorsal

Top side of axis

Ventral

Bottom side of axis

Asymmetry

No symmetry

Diploblastic

Animals that lack mesoderms

Triploblastic

Animals that possess mesoderms

Body cavity

Fluid or air filled space between the endo and ectoderm

Coelom

Body cavity formed by mesoderm tissue, enables organs to move independently of outer body

Hemolymph

fluid that functions as a transport of internal nutrients, analogous to blood

Hemocoel

Body cavity formed between meso and endoderm

Protostome

Organism that develops the mouth first and the anus second

Deuterostome

Organism that develops the anus first and the mouth second

Invertebrate

Animal that lacks a vertebrates (spine)

Vertebrate

Animals that possess vertebrates (spine)

Hemichordates

Lower classification of Deuterostomia Acorn worms, invertebrates

Echinoderms

Lower classification of Deuterostomia, sea stars and relatives; invertebrates

Chordates

Lower classification of Deuterostomia, possess backbone; vertebrates

Lophophore

Crown of ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth

Trochophore

Distinctive larval stage of Lophotrochozoa

Ecdysozoa

Group of animals that possess exoskeletons

Exoskeleton

Hard outer protective covering of some organisms

Ecdysis

Scientific term for molting of the exoskeleton

Monophyletic

All animals are (blank)

Sponges

(blank) are a sister group to all other animals

Eumetazoa

Animal clade with tissues, “true animals”

Bilateria

Most animals belong to which phyla

Deuterostomia

Lophotrochozoa

Ecdysozoa

3 major clades of bilateria

Fish (chordata) and Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)

Which groups are polyphyletic

Ecdysozoa: Arthropoda and nematodes

Which groups are paraphyletic

Enchinoderm

Lower classification of phylum echinodermata, invertebrates that possess a hard spine covering (sea urchins)

Phoradendron Leucarpum

Mistletoe

Parasitic

Opposite leaves

Oklahoma emblem

Physalia physalis

Portuguese man o’ war

Not true jellyfish

Nematocysts

(touch it)

Aristotl’’s lantern

Mouth on the underside of sea urchins

Hydra spp.

Organisms that exhibits radial symmetry