Human Biology Terms

osteoclasts differentiate from it

hematopoietic pre-cursor cells

area that osteoclasts seal off

sealing zone

Minerals secreted by osteoclasts and product

CTSK and TRAP, CTX, NTX

network of osteocyte and what do they release

canalicular, OPG, RANKL

cells sensing bone loss

mechanism-sensing cell

outer thin layer of bone

periosteum

long bone formation

endochondral ossification

outside of bone marrow layer

endosteum

3 sections of bones

epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysic

what gets calcified in longitudinal growth

hypertrophic cartilage and apoptosis

Degradation in longitudinal growth

transverse septa and vascular invasion

role of estrogen

tells osteoclasts and blasts to increase bone formation and decrease bone reabsorption

what is one swing of a cross bridge called

power stroke

what channel does smooth muscle Ca2+ come from

L type Ca2+ channels

what does Ca2+ bind to in smooth muscle and what does it trigger

Calmodulin, activates MLCK

structural feature of cardiac muscle

intercalated discs

smooth muscle structure

spindle shaped cells

muscle state when contraction is constantly evoked in muscles

tetanic contraction

one contraction of muscle fibre

twitch

4 cell types in blood vessels

endothelium, elastic tissue, smooth muscle, fibrous tissue

• what Does not trigger platelet activation or aggregation

• Prevents clot formation under normal conditions

• Maintains smooth blood flow

non-thrombogenic layer

what is released when hypoxia occurs and from what organ

Erthropoietin (EPO) + some cytokines and the liver

what acts as a reservoir that helps expand teh volume of the atria

auricle

what helps keep valves in heart shut

papillary muscles and cordae tendinae

4 valves of the heart

tricuspid valve (right)

bicuspid valve (left

semi-lunar valve of pulmonary

semi-lunar valve of aorta

what cells in the heart conduct electrical impulses

authorhythmic cells in the sinoatrial node

second place of depolarization in the heart

atriaventrical node

activation of ventricular fibres

Bundle of His → bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

name of two states of the heart

diastole - relaxed

systole - contracted

cardiac output formula

SV x HR stroke volume is volume ejected from the heart per contraction

what’s in the plasma thats used for clotting process x2

fibrinogen + platelets

what binds to insoluble proteins to allow for travel in the blood

Albumins + Globulins

what happens when you stand for too long due to blood pressure not bringing blood back up to your heart

postural hypotension

materials are packaged in micro vesicles, these little balls of lipid bilayers and they can migrate through teh walls of the endothelial cells to deliver hormones nutrients, collesteriol etc.

transcytosis

amount of pressure given out by an individual gas in a mixture

partial pressure

partial pressure formula

pressure x volume

fluid provides hydrogen bonding for the two membranes to stick on thoracic cavity and lung

pleural fluid, visceral plura - on outside of lung, parietal pleura - on outside to ribs

muscle between ribs

intercostal muscles

oxygen and iron binding

chelate

emphysema

destruction of alveoli, less surface area

fibrotic lung disease

thickening alveoli membrane may slow down gas exchange

pulmonary edema

fluid in interestrial space increase

asthma

constricted alveoli

when gas gets between the pleura fluid

pneumothorax

GI tract - made up of muscle cells, very thin layer of muscle cells its function to form folds in mucosa layer, increases surface area. more interction for absorbtion or chemical absorbtion

Muscularis mucosae

GI tract - connective tissue - allows blood vessels and nerves to reach the digestive tract. need it to allows nutrient to be abosrbed in and out and transported

submucosa

GI tract - longitudinal and circular muslce, responsible for contraction of our digestive tract

Muscularis externae

allows digestive to glide smoothly against other organs against our abdomen

Serosa/Adventitlia

saliva

digestion

anti microbial properties

lubrication of food

starch to maltose

amylase

anatomy of oesophedas

upper skeletal, mixed, smooth lower

abnormal connection of abnormal tube

fistula

components of gastric juice

Gastrin, HCL, bicarbonate rich mucos, intrinsic factor

trasnportation and abosrption of vitamin B12 in small intestine

intrinsic factor

hormone that stimulates secretion of HCL and pepsinogen

gastrin

protects stomach wall from protein digestion and corrosion from HCL

bicarbonate rich mucous

sections of small intestine

Duodenum, closest to stomach, Jejunum, lleum, joins large intestine at ileocecal sphincter

cells of small intestine

enterocytes

embeded on the walls on the microvilli are certain enzymes which help with teh chemical digestion of all kinds of compounds as mentioned above

brush border enzymes

what cells secrete pancreatic juice

exocrine cells

what do bicarbonate ions do

neturalises HCL from stomach

Pigment that is a waste product from the breakdown of red blood cells in liver. Gut microbes further breaks down bilirubin to other compunds and eliminates in faeces

bilirubin

segmentation in the small intestine

• localised contractions and relaxations move chyme back and forth a few centimetres

• Promotes mixing, absorbing of nutrients and water

transports hydrophobic components in ileum

micelle

fatty acids in micelle transferred to where

enterocytes

type of contractions in large Intestines

haustral contractions

collection of axon bundles

tract/bundle

where is obligate

hindbrain

where is amygdala and basal ganglia

forebrain

frontal lobe function

higher executive functions like emotional regulation, planning, problem solving

parietal lobe

integrating sensory information

temporal lobe

processing sensory information

occipital lobe

visual processing centre

hippocampus

learning and memory

basal ganglia

control of voluntary movements, eye movement, habit learning, cognition and emotion

pineal gland

produces melatonin - sleep wake cycles

limbic system (cingulate lobe and amygdala)

regulates emotional responses

cerebellum

coordinates gait and maintains posture, receives info from voluntary movements

Decussation

sensory pathways cross over, each cerebral hemisphere controls opposite side of the body

ANS controls

cardiac and smooth muscle, exocrine and endocrine glands

what is the cell membrane of a neuron more permeable to

potassium ions

resting membrane potential

-50-90, sodium potassium pump helps maintain this

action potential

if voltage gated ion channel opens (triggered by action potential) SODIUM ions will will diffuse in as conc higher outside, these close and potassium channels open only

threshold potential

threshold required to stimulate opening of channels

fibre types in neurons

A anad B mylinated, C not

temporal and spatial summation

spatial is Excitory post synaptic potentials from multiple dendrites, temporal is all from one

glutamate

triggers action potential in post symatic neuron

acetylcholine

inhibitory in brain excretory in muscle

GABA

opens up chlorine channels in neurons in CNS, makes it hyperpolarise into more negative no action potential made