Micro Test new

t cells

cells that develop in the thymus and recognize and respond to antigen-presenting cells

helper

t cells that activate, cytotoxic t cells, and macrophages

cytotoxic

t cells that kill bad cells

regulatory

t cells that suppress overactive immune reactions and help prevent autoimmune responses

lymphokines

signaling molecules that are secreted by lymphocytes to attract or activate other immune cells

cell mediated immunity

branch of adaptive immunity when T cells recognize and respond to infected/abnormal foreign cells

Natural active immunity

Formation of antibodies and memory cells after natural/normal exposure to a pathogen

artificial active immunity

Immune system is stimulated to produce antibodies by exposure to a vaccine
(artificial introduction of pathogen)

Natural passive immunity

Receiving antibodies naturally from mother through placenta or breast milk

Artificial passive immunity

Receiving antibodies made by another person or animal via injection
Immediate but temporary protection

communicable disease

illness caused by pathogen that can be passed to another person

contagious disease

type of easily/rapidly spreading communicable disease

noncommunicable disease

illness not spread from person to person

etiology

study of causation

infection

invasion and multiplication of pathogen

symbiosis

close relationship

commensalism

one organism benefits, one is neither benefited or harmed

mutualism

both organisms benefit

parasitism

one organism benefits and one is harmed

transient flora

microbes that temporarily in or on the body

microbial antagonism

when normal microbiota inhibit growth of harmful microbes

primary infection

initial infection caused by a pathogen

secondary infection

occurs during or after a primary infection due to an already weakened immune system

inapparent infection

infection that produces no noticeable symptoms

congenital

immunocompromisation due to genetics

acquired

immunocompromisation due to illness

induced

immunocompromisation due to treatments

incubation

time between initial infection and appearance of first signs or symptoms

prodromal

early stages of infection

period of illness

severe symptoms

period of decline

when illness starts to subside, vulnerable to secondary infections at this point

convalescence

final stage of illness, when you start to return to normal

hygiene hypothesis

early exposure to microbes in essential for developing a balanced immune system

cytokine storm

dangerous immune overreaction where the body releases too many pro-inflammatory cytokines in a short period of time

cross reactive antibodies

antibodies that bind to more than one antigen due to structural similarity between those antigens

rheumatic fever

• triggered by poorly treated strep

• immune system produced antibodies against strep

• cross-react with host tissues

injectisome

needle-like protein structure used by certain gram - bacteria to inject toxins or effector proteins directly into host cells

C5a

inflammatory molecule produced by the complement system to recruit phagocytes to the site of infections

C5a peptidase

activates C5a and helps evade immune system

M protein

surface virulence factor that blocks complement proteins, binds host proteins, and is highly variable

capsules

thick layer around a wall of bacteria that prevents endocytosis

leukocidins

destroy white blood cells

hemolysins

destroy red blood cells by lysing membranes

coagulases

cause blood plasma to clot

kinases

break down clots

hyaluronidase

breaks down connective tissue and allows bacteria to spread deeper

necrotizing factors

destroy host tissue cells

hypothermic factors

decrease body temp

DNase, streptodornase

breaks down DNA in pus, spreads easily

proteases

break doen proteins

adherence

ability of a microbe to attach to a host surface

adhesions

surface molecules that bind and attach

cytotoxins

toxins that damage or kill host cells by disrupting vital cellular functions

neurotoxins

toxins that specifically target the nervous system and affect the nerve cells’ ability to send signals

enterotoxins

affect intestines, disrupt fluid balance

erythrogenic toxin

produces by strains of streptococcus

staphylococcal exfoliatins

target proteins in outer layer of skin

exotoxins

proteins secreted by bacteria during growth

endotoxins

within the cell membrane, released upon cell death

herd immunity

indirect protection from an infectious disease that occurs when a sufficient proportion becomes immune, reduces likelihood of disease transmission

attenuated vaccine

live vaccine from a weakened form of the actual pathogen

whole agent

entire pathogen

toxoids

inactivated bacterial toxins; harmless but stimulate a response

subunit

contain only fragments like proteins or sugars and can’t cause disease

adjuvant

added substance that enhances the body’s immune response to the antigen

mRNA vaccine

delivers synthetic mRNA which contains instructions for cells to make a specific protein, usually on the surface of a virus

viral vector

uses genetically engineered virus to carry DNA which encodes an antigen into the body

serum

way to test for antibodies using separated parts of the blood

titer

a way to measure how much antibody or antigen is present in a sample, looks for the dilution where there are antibodies present, higher _____ = more antibodies

seroconversion

process where blood changes from being negative for a specific antibody to positive after infection or vaccination

direct fluorescent antibody test

lab technique used to detect a specific antigen in a sample by using an antibody labeled with a fluorescent dye

hypersensitivity

exaggerated immune response to a harmless substance

allergen

any substance that triggers an allergic reaction in sensitive individuals

autoimmune disease

conditions when the immune systen mistakenly attacks the body’s own healthy cells and tissues as if they are foreign

lupus

antibodies bind to antigens on DNA —- form complexes —— deposits in organs and blood vessels ——- causes tissue damage and inflammation

scleroderma

abnormal growth of connective tissue, hardened or thickened internal organs and skin

histocompatibility antigens

proteins found on the surface of cells that help the immune system distinguish between the body and foreign

class 1

MHC molecules that are found on almost all cells with nuclei, present antigens to cytotoxic t cells and help detect viruses and cancers

class 2

MHC molecules that are only on antigen presenting cells, present antigens to helper t cells and helps detect pathogens and activate other immune cells

MHC genes

genes which code for proteins on the surface of your cells

autograft

transplant of ones own tissue to another part of their body

isograft

transplant between twins

allograft

transplant between individuals of the same species but without identical genetics

xenograft

transplant between different species

GVH

serious immune condition after a transplant when the donor’s immune cells attack the recipients body

incidence

number of new cases in a specific population during a defined period of time

prevalence

% that has a disease at a given time

morbidity

state of being diseased or unhealthy

mortality

number of deaths in a given population during a specific time period

case fatality rate

percentage of diagnosed cases that result in death

sporadic

disease that occurs irregularly or infrequently within a population

endemic

a disease that is constantly present at a steady level within a specific geographic area/population

epidemic

a sudden increase in case number which exceeds normal expectations for a given population

pandemic

a disease outbreak that spreads across countries or continents

reservoirs

natural,living, or inanimate host where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies

repiratory tract

most common portal of disease entry

case-control

retrospective study of cases vs controls with the goal of identifying exposures and risk factors

cross-sectional

study of a snapshot in time that measures habits to see if there is a relationship between habits and the condition

cohort

study that follows the same group of people over time to see how exposures affect chances of developing a condition

predisposing factor

characteristic that increases the likelikood of developing a disease or health problem, but does not directly cause it