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SOCl₂ + pyridine
Product: Alkyl chloride
Stereo: Inversion
Mechanism: SN2 at sulfur → backside attack on carbon.
PBr₃
Product: Alkyl bromide
Stereo: Inversion
Good for: Primary/secondary alcohols only
TsCl / pyridine
Product: OTs
Stereo: Retention
Notes: Then SN2 inverts.
HX
Product: Alkyl halide
Primary: SN2
Tertiary: SN1 (rearrangements)
Mesyl chloride (MsCl), pyridine
Product: OMs (great leaving group)
Stereo: Retention
Notes: Second SN2 = inversion overall.