Chapter 1: The Human Body

Anatomy

the study of the structure of the body

Physiology

study of the function of the body

What are the two (main) branches of Anatomy?

Microscopic and Gross Anatomy

What are the subdivisions of Microscopic Anatomy? (hint: 2)

Histology and Cytology

Histology

study of tissues

Cytology

study of cells

What are the subdivisions of Gross Anatomy? (hint: 3)

Regional, Systemic, and Surface Anatomy

Regional Anatomy

all structures in a single body region

Systemic Anatomy

all organs with related functions studied together

Surface Anatomy

shapes and markings in the surface of the body

Developmental Anatomy

traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span

Embryology

study of developmental changes of the body before birth

Pathological Anatomy

study of structural changes caused by disease

Radiographic Anatomy

studies internal structures as visualized by X-ray studies and other imaging techniques.

Functional Morphology

explores the functional properties of body structures and assesses the efficiency of their design

The Hierarchy of Structural Organization (hint: amctooo)

1. Atom (chemical)

2. Molecules (chemical)

3. Cell

4. Tissue

5. Organ

6. Organ system

7. Organism

\______ are the building blocks of matter.

Atoms (not living)

Atoms combine to form what?

molecules

What are the four classes of macromolecules found in the body?

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids (fat), nucleic acids

\_____ are the smallest living things in the body.

cells

How many cells make up the human body?

100 trillion

A \______ is a group of cells that work together to perform a common function.

tissue

What are the four tissue types that make up all of the organs in the human body?

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

Epithelial tissue (border)

covers body surfaces and lines body cavities

Connective tissue

supports body and protects its organs

Muscle tissue

provides movement

Nervous tissue

communication

Organs are \_________ centers that are responsible for an activity.

functional

The brain is the control center of the...

cns, responsible for behavior

Integumentary System

Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands.

Skeletal System

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals.

Muscular System

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.

Lymphatic System

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells involved in immunity.

Respiratory System

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

Digestive System

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

Urinary System

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.

Male and Female Reproductive System

Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.

Nervous System

Fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

Endocrine System

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

Cardiovascular System

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.

What is the basic unit of length

meter (m)

What is the basic unit of weight?

gram (g)

What is the basic unit of volume?

liter (L)

Anatomical position

The human body is erect, with the feet only slightly apart, head and toes pointed forward, and arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward.

Directional terminology

Refers to the body in anatomical position.

-NOTE: The terms right or left refer to the person or body being viewed, NOT the observer

Regional terms

names of specific body areas

Superior (cranial)

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Inferior (caudal)

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Anterior (ventral)

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Posterior (dorsal)

toward the back of the body; behind

Medial

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Lateral

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Intermediate

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superficial (external)

toward or at the body surface

Deep (internal)

Away from the body surface; more internal

Axial region

Relating to head, neck, and trunk (the axis of the body)

Appendicular region

Relating to limbs and their attachments to the axis

What are the four abdominal quadrants?

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

What are the nine abdominopelvic regions?

right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac

The axial portion of the body has \___ large cavities that provide \_________ to the organs within them.

two; protection

What are the two large body cavities?

Dorsal (posterior) & Ventral (anterior)

What is the purpose of the dorsal body cavity?

protects the nervous system

The dorsal body cavity is subdivided into...

cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

Cranial Cavity

the brain is enclosed within the skull

Vertebral Cavity (Spinal Cavity)

runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord

The ventral body cavity is subdivided into

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Thoracic Cavity

houses the heart and lungs

What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

the diaphragm

Abdominopelvic cavity

contains both the abdominal (stomach, intestines, liver etc.) and pelvic cavities (reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum)

Visceral organs (viscera)

an internal organ of an animal

The thoracic cavity is subdivided into...

pleural cavities and mediastinum

Two pleural cavities

each houses a lung

Mediastinum

area between the lungs containing the heart, aorta, thymus gland, esophagus, lymph nodes and important nerves.

A thin double-layered membrane

serosa (serous membrane)

Parietal serosa

the part of the membrane lining the cavity walls (lines outside)

Viceral serosa

covers the internal organs (lines inside)

Pleura

the serosa lining the lungs

Pericardium

the serosa lining the heart

Oral cavity

mouth

Nasal cavity

located within and posterior to the nose

Orbital cavity

houses the eyes and presents them in an anterior position

Middle ear cavity

contains bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations

Synovial cavity

joint cavities

coronal (frontal) plane

lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse plane (cross section)

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Median (midsagittal) plane

divides the body into equal parts (left and right)

Parasagittal plane

Divides body into unequal right and left sides

Oblique section

cuts made diagonally