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Subspecies
____________- same species but differ phenotypically
Biotype
____________-same species, same genetic makeup, but different physiologic characteristics
Serovar
___________- same species but differ serologically
Strain
___________-same species, but different subtype or genetic variant
Prokaryotic
they have no organelles; no membrane-enclosed structure
Histone
do not have ___________
70s
have _____________ and are haploid with a single chromosome
Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
cell wall: with peptidoglycan except ______________ and _________________
Carbohydrate and Sterol
cytoplasmic membrane: fluid phospholipid bilayer with _______________ and ______________
Cytoplasmic membrane
site of energy production: ________________
Free ribosome
site of protein synthesis: ________________
DNA and RNA
unicellular; contains both ______ and ______
0.2-5.0 microns
average size: _________________
Mycoplasma spp.
Bacillus spp.
Smallest: ___________
Largest: ____________
Binary fission
multiplies by ________________
Cocci
Bacilli
Spiral
Comma
four morphology: ______, _____, ______, _____
Biofilm
_________- property of bacteria to attach to a solid surface
Pathogenicity
_________- the ability of a microbe to produce disease in a susceptible individual
Virulence
_________- relative ability of microorganisms to cause disease or the degree of pathogenicity; usually measured by the number of microorganisms necessary to cause infection in the host
Adherence factor
__________________- pili/fimbriae
Anti-phagocytic factors
__________________- capsule and self-component of cell wall
Enzyme
__________________- i.e. Coagulase: S. aureus; Fibrinolysin- spreading and clotting
Prokaryotes: 0.2-2.0 microns
Eukaryotes: 10-100 microns
Size of the Cell
Prokaryotes: _____
Eukaryotes: _____
Prokaryotes: Usually PRESENT
Eukaryotes: Usually ABSENT except for fungi
Cell Wal
Prokaryotes: _____
Eukaryotes: _____
Prokaryotes:
Eukaryotes:
Nucleus
Prokaryotes: _____ of nuclear membrane or nucleoli
Eukaryotes: _____ with nuclear membrane and nucleoli
Prokaryotes: Nucleoid
Eukaryotes: Nucleus
Genome Location
Prokaryotes: In the _________, at the mesosomes
Eukaryotes: In the __________
Prokaryotes: w/out histone
Eukaryotes: w/ histone
Chromosomes
Prokaryotes: Single, singular chromosomes; _______________
Eukaryotes: Multiple liner chromosomes; ______________
Prokaryotes: ABSENT
Eukaryotes:PRESENT
Membrane-bounded organelles
Prokaryotes: _____
Eukaryotes: _____
Prokaryotes: Present; smaller size (70s)
Eukaryotes: Present; larger (80s)
Ribosomes
Prokaryotes: _____
Eukaryotes: _____
Prokaryotes: PRESENT
Eukaryotes: ABSENT
Pili and Fimbriae
Prokaryotes: _____
Eukaryotes: _____
EXOTOXIN: Gram (+
ENDOTOXIN: Gram (-)
Producer
Exotoxin: Released by all major ___________
Endotoxin: Usually produced by ___________
EXOTOXIN: Living bacteria, does not require cell death for release
ENDOTOXIN: cell death for release (cell wall disintegration)
Manner of excretion
Exotoxin: Exotoxin is excreted by ___________ and it __________ ____________; the metabolic product of bacteria
Endotoxin: It requires ________________ disintegration)
EXOTOXIN: mainly protein in nature
ENDOTOXIN: polysaccharide and lipids
Composition
Exotoxin:
Endotoxin:
EXOTOXIN: Local
ENDOTOXIN: Systematic
Effect
Exotoxin: “________”- one area Not associated with fever
Endotoxin: “___________”- all over the body
EXOTOXIN: high
ENDOTOXIN: low
Toxicity
Exotoxin:
Endotoxin:
EXOTOXIN: Unstable at 60
ENDOTOXIN: Stable
Stability to heating
Exotoxin:
Endotoxin:
EXOTOXIN: YES
ENDOTOXIN: NO
Stimulates antitoxin production
Exotoxin: _______ (can be converted into toxoid; easily neutralized by antitoxin)
Endotoxin: _______ (cannot be converted into toxoid, not easily neutralized by antitoxin)
EXOTOXIN: Binds to specific receptors
ENDOTOXIN: Specific receptors not found on cells
Specificity
Exotoxin:
Endotoxin:
EXOTOXIN: Extrachromosomal genes
ENDOTOXIN: Chromosomal genes
Synthesis
Exotoxin: Controlled by ______________
Endotoxin: Synthesis directed by ________________
Cell enveloped
Composed of layers (capsule, cell wall, cell membrane) that surround the bacterium
Capsular
Mucoid
Not all organisms have a cell wall, responsible for __________ colonies
Capsular
Usually made of polysaccharide or polypeptide
Phagocytosis, virulence factor
It prevents ______________ and is considered a ________________
Quellung reaction
Antigenic; based on serotyping by _______
Neufeld Quellung Capsular Antigen (+)
_________________________ (+) capsular swelling due to Ag-Ab complex
Somatic O Ag
____________________: heat stable
Vi Ag (salmonella) and K Ag
_____________ and ____________- heat labile
Animal tissues and fluids
Demonstration of capsular
Milky and Serum
Media containing _______________
Mucoid and Slimy
Colonies often _________________
MUIR, ANTHONY’S, TYLER, HISS, WELCH’S, GRIN’S
Stains:
Cell wall
Shape
defines the __________ of the bacteria
Cell wall
point of anchorage for flagella, site of attachment, and antibiotic action
M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes
___________ of _________________- major virulence factor and prevents phagocytosis
Mycolic acid
_______________- responsible for acid fastness of Mycobacterium spp. and prevents digestion during phagocytosis
________________- Bacillus spp.
Poly-d-glutamic acid
Chitin
_______________- fungi
L-forms
________________ are organisms that have temporarily lost their cell wall as a result of environmental condition
NAG and NAM
N-acetyl-d-glucosamine
N-acetyl-d-muramic acid
Peptidoglycan (murein layer) consists of glycan chains of alternating ____________________________and ____________________________
Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
Sterol
_________________________- lack cell wall, and only contains __________; making them pleomorphic
Cell wall
Gram-positive and gram-negative cells can lose their cell walls and grow as Lforms in media supplemented with serum or sugar to prevent osmotic rupture of the cell membrane
Purple
Color of Gram (+)
Red/pink
Color of Gram (-)
Gram (+)
Impermeable
_______________ to alcohol,
Gram (+)
Thick
_________ peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, exotoxin and 2 sugars: N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (NAG) and N-acetyl-d-muramic acid (NAM)
Gram (-)
Permeable
______________ to alcohol,
Gram (-)
Thin
___________ peptidoglycan,
Gram (-)
LPS
___________- important in evading host defenses, outer membrane, periplasm, Lipid A, exotoxin and endotoxin, Somatic (O) Ag- serotyping,
Plasma membrane
site of energy synthesis
“Mitochondria of prokaryotic cell”
surrounds the cytoplasm; ____________________ (ATP site)- considered as the “____________________________”
Plasma membrane
transport of nutrients in and out of the cell; function as Golgi apparatus and lysosome
Plasma membrane
for selective permeability; barrier made of phospholipid bilayer
Pili or Frimbriae
Gram (-)
usually found in _________________ bacteria like E. coli, N. gonorrhoeae and Pseudomonas
Hair-like
Pilin
________________, proteinaceous structures made up of the protein “__________”
Pili or Fimbriae exists in two classes:
Common or ordinary pili
Sex pili
Common or ordinary pili
_________________________- adherence of bacteria to host cell; virulence factor for Neisseria; 1 st step in establishing infection
Sex pili
________________________- bacterial conjugation; gene transfer
Endospores
Resting cell
__________________; highly resistant to desiccation, heat, and chemical agents
Endospores
Calcium dipicolinate / dipicolinic acid
composition: ___________________/ ___________________
Bacillus and Clostridium
bacterial genera with spores: ______________ and __________________
Target of sterilization
__________________________; non-reproductive
Autoclaving
best way to destroy spores is by _______________
Flagella
Locomotion and motility
organ for ________________________
Flagellin
H antigen
it contains the protein _____________; antigenic and is known as the ____________________
room temp
motility is best seen at _______________
Flagella
true motility is due to the presence of flagella
Flagella
Brownian movement or non-motile organisms due to the movement of molecules surrounding them
microscope used to visualize spirochetes
Fluorescence Microscope and
Darkfield Microscope
Metachromatic granules / Cytoplasmic granules / Inclusion bodies
energy and food reserves
serves as an ____________________________
Metachromatic granules / Cytoplasmic granules / Inclusion bodies
glycogen, lipids, polyphosphates
Much granules
Babe-Ernst / metachromatic granules
Bipolar bodies
Sulfur acid
_________________- MTB
_________________- C. diphtheria
_________________- Y. pestis
_________________- Actinomyces
Ribosome
70s
80s
Bacteria: _________; Fungi: ________, viruses are acellular
Ribosome
protein synthesis
granular appearance
for ____________________, gives the cytoplasm of bacteria a ____________________ in the EM
Mesosome
Point of attachment
_________________ for chromosome
Mesosome
Convoluted invaginations of the cell membrane
Mesosome
Important for DNA replication and cell division
Mesosome
Can be septal (if it occurs at the septum of the cross wall) or lateral mesosomes (if they are nonseptal)
Cytosol
Fluid portion
the __________________; contains no organelles
Cytosol
contains ribosomes and various types of nutritional storage granules
Nucleoid
The DNA in the bacterial cell is generally confined to this region