BACTERIOLOGY - Lesson 1

Subspecies

____________- same species but differ phenotypically

Biotype

____________-same species, same genetic makeup, but different physiologic characteristics

Serovar

___________- same species but differ serologically

Strain

___________-same species, but different subtype or genetic variant

Prokaryotic

they have no organelles; no membrane-enclosed structure

Histone

do not have ___________

70s

have _____________ and are haploid with a single chromosome

Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

cell wall: with peptidoglycan except ______________ and _________________

Carbohydrate and Sterol

cytoplasmic membrane: fluid phospholipid bilayer with _______________ and ______________

Cytoplasmic membrane

site of energy production: ________________

Free ribosome

site of protein synthesis: ________________

DNA and RNA

unicellular; contains both ______ and ______

0.2-5.0 microns

average size: _________________

Mycoplasma spp.

Bacillus spp.

Smallest: ___________

Largest: ____________

Binary fission

multiplies by ________________

1. Cocci

2. Bacilli

3. Spiral

4. Comma

four morphology: ______, _____, ______, _____

Biofilm

_________- property of bacteria to attach to a solid surface

Pathogenicity

_________- the ability of a microbe to produce disease in a susceptible individual

Virulence

_________- relative ability of microorganisms to cause disease or the degree of pathogenicity; usually measured by the number of microorganisms necessary to cause infection in the host

Adherence factor

__________________- pili/fimbriae

Anti-phagocytic factors

__________________- capsule and self-component of cell wall

Enzyme

__________________- i.e. Coagulase: S. aureus; Fibrinolysin- spreading and clotting

Prokaryotes: 0.2-2.0 microns
Eukaryotes: 10-100 microns

Size of the Cell
Prokaryotes: _____
Eukaryotes: _____

Prokaryotes: Usually PRESENT
Eukaryotes: Usually ABSENT except for fungi

Cell Wal
Prokaryotes: _____
Eukaryotes: _____

Prokaryotes:
Eukaryotes:

Nucleus
Prokaryotes: _____ of nuclear membrane or nucleoli
Eukaryotes: _____ with nuclear membrane and nucleoli

Prokaryotes: Nucleoid
Eukaryotes: Nucleus

Genome Location
Prokaryotes: In the _________, at the mesosomes
Eukaryotes: In the __________

Prokaryotes: w/out histone
Eukaryotes: w/ histone

Chromosomes
Prokaryotes: Single, singular chromosomes; _______________
Eukaryotes: Multiple liner chromosomes; ______________

Prokaryotes: ABSENT
Eukaryotes:PRESENT

Membrane-bounded organelles
Prokaryotes: _____
Eukaryotes: _____

Prokaryotes: Present; smaller size (70s)
Eukaryotes: Present; larger (80s)

Ribosomes
Prokaryotes: _____
Eukaryotes: _____

Prokaryotes: PRESENT
Eukaryotes: ABSENT

Pili and Fimbriae
Prokaryotes: _____
Eukaryotes: _____

EXOTOXIN: Gram (+
ENDOTOXIN: Gram (-)

Producer
Exotoxin: Released by all major ___________
Endotoxin: Usually produced by ___________

EXOTOXIN: Living bacteria, does not require cell death for release
ENDOTOXIN: cell death for release (cell wall disintegration)

Manner of excretion
Exotoxin: Exotoxin is excreted by ___________ and it __________ ____________; the metabolic product of bacteria
Endotoxin: It requires ________________ disintegration)

EXOTOXIN: mainly protein in nature
ENDOTOXIN: polysaccharide and lipids

Composition
Exotoxin:
Endotoxin:

EXOTOXIN: Local
ENDOTOXIN: Systematic

Effect
Exotoxin: “________”- one area Not associated with fever
Endotoxin: “___________”- all over the body

EXOTOXIN: high
ENDOTOXIN: low

Toxicity
Exotoxin:
Endotoxin:

EXOTOXIN: Unstable at 60
ENDOTOXIN: Stable

Stability to heating
Exotoxin:
Endotoxin:

EXOTOXIN: YES
ENDOTOXIN: NO

Stimulates antitoxin production
Exotoxin: _______ (can be converted into toxoid; easily neutralized by antitoxin)
Endotoxin: _______ (cannot be converted into toxoid, not easily neutralized by antitoxin)

EXOTOXIN: Binds to specific receptors
ENDOTOXIN: Specific receptors not found on cells

Specificity
Exotoxin:
Endotoxin:

EXOTOXIN: Extrachromosomal genes
ENDOTOXIN: Chromosomal genes

Synthesis
Exotoxin: Controlled by ______________
Endotoxin: Synthesis directed by ________________

Cell enveloped

Composed of layers (capsule, cell wall, cell membrane) that surround the bacterium

Capsular

Mucoid

Not all organisms have a cell wall, responsible for __________ colonies

Capsular

Usually made of polysaccharide or polypeptide

Phagocytosis, virulence factor

It prevents ______________ and is considered a ________________

Quellung reaction

Antigenic; based on serotyping by _______

Neufeld Quellung Capsular Antigen (+)

_________________________ (+) capsular swelling due to Ag-Ab complex

Somatic O Ag

____________________: heat stable

Vi Ag (salmonella) and K Ag

_____________ and ____________- heat labile

Animal tissues and fluids

Demonstration of capsular

Milky and Serum

Media containing _______________

Mucoid and Slimy

Colonies often _________________

MUIR, ANTHONY’S, TYLER, HISS, WELCH’S, GRIN’S

Stains:

Cell wall

Shape

defines the __________ of the bacteria

Cell wall

point of anchorage for flagella, site of attachment, and antibiotic action

M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes

___________ of _________________- major virulence factor and prevents phagocytosis

Mycolic acid

_______________- responsible for acid fastness of Mycobacterium spp. and prevents digestion during phagocytosis

________________- Bacillus spp.

Poly-d-glutamic acid

Chitin

_______________- fungi

L-forms

________________ are organisms that have temporarily lost their cell wall as a result of environmental condition

NAG and NAM

N-acetyl-d-glucosamine
N-acetyl-d-muramic acid

Peptidoglycan (murein layer) consists of glycan chains of alternating ____________________________and ____________________________

Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

Sterol

_________________________- lack cell wall, and only contains __________; making them pleomorphic

Cell wall

Gram-positive and gram-negative cells can lose their cell walls and grow as Lforms in media supplemented with serum or sugar to prevent osmotic rupture of the cell membrane

Purple

Color of Gram (+)

Red/pink

Color of Gram (-)

Gram (+)
Impermeable

_______________ to alcohol,

Gram (+)
Thick

_________ peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, exotoxin and 2 sugars: N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (NAG) and N-acetyl-d-muramic acid (NAM)

Gram (-)
Permeable

______________ to alcohol,

Gram (-)
Thin

___________ peptidoglycan,

Gram (-)
LPS

___________- important in evading host defenses, outer membrane, periplasm, Lipid A, exotoxin and endotoxin, Somatic (O) Ag- serotyping,

Plasma membrane

site of energy synthesis
“Mitochondria of prokaryotic cell”

surrounds the cytoplasm; ____________________ (ATP site)- considered as the “____________________________”

Plasma membrane

transport of nutrients in and out of the cell; function as Golgi apparatus and lysosome

Plasma membrane

for selective permeability; barrier made of phospholipid bilayer

Pili or Frimbriae

Gram (-)

usually found in _________________ bacteria like E. coli, N. gonorrhoeae and Pseudomonas

Hair-like
Pilin

________________, proteinaceous structures made up of the protein “__________”

Pili or Fimbriae exists in two classes:

1. Common or ordinary pili

2. Sex pili

Common or ordinary pili

_________________________- adherence of bacteria to host cell; virulence factor for Neisseria; 1 st step in establishing infection

Sex pili

________________________- bacterial conjugation; gene transfer

Endospores

Resting cell

__________________; highly resistant to desiccation, heat, and chemical agents

Endospores
Calcium dipicolinate / dipicolinic acid

composition: ___________________/ ___________________

Bacillus and Clostridium

bacterial genera with spores: ______________ and __________________

Target of sterilization

__________________________; non-reproductive

Autoclaving

best way to destroy spores is by _______________

Flagella

Locomotion and motility

organ for ________________________

Flagellin

H antigen

it contains the protein _____________; antigenic and is known as the ____________________

room temp

motility is best seen at _______________

Flagella

true motility is due to the presence of flagella

Flagella

Brownian movement or non-motile organisms due to the movement of molecules surrounding them

microscope used to visualize spirochetes

1. Fluorescence Microscope and

2. Darkfield Microscope

Metachromatic granules / Cytoplasmic granules / Inclusion bodies

energy and food reserves

serves as an ____________________________

Metachromatic granules / Cytoplasmic granules / Inclusion bodies

glycogen, lipids, polyphosphates

• Much granules

• Babe-Ernst / metachromatic granules

• Bipolar bodies

• Sulfur acid

_________________- MTB

_________________- C. diphtheria

_________________- Y. pestis

_________________- Actinomyces

Ribosome

70s
80s

Bacteria: _________; Fungi: ________, viruses are acellular

Ribosome

protein synthesis
granular appearance

for ____________________, gives the cytoplasm of bacteria a ____________________ in the EM

Mesosome

Point of attachment

_________________ for chromosome

Mesosome

Convoluted invaginations of the cell membrane

Mesosome

Important for DNA replication and cell division

Mesosome

Can be septal (if it occurs at the septum of the cross wall) or lateral mesosomes (if they are nonseptal)

Cytosol

Fluid portion

the __________________; contains no organelles

Cytosol

contains ribosomes and various types of nutritional storage granules

Nucleoid

The DNA in the bacterial cell is generally confined to this region