Church History Final Exam

Nomanalism

• William of Ockham

• Philosophical idea that there are no universal ideas, and we should rely on ourselves and scripture for guidance

William of Ockham

• Most prominent proponent of the philosophy of nominalism

Renaissance Man

• One who participated in many crafts, usually in the humanities

Southern Renaissance

• Interested in universals and opposed nominalism

Northern Renaissance

• A literalist movement interested in the particular

Corruption of Renaissance Popes

• Corruption

• Sale of indulgences

• Propaganda

• Not focused enough on morality

Conciliarism

• The Church is represented by councils and not the papacy

Curia

• The court of justice that the popes saught to reform

Nicholas V

• Founded the Vatican library

• Saught to make Rome a place of art

• The restorer of Rome

Callistus III

• First Spanish pope

• Wanted to organize the European Papal States against the Turks

• Put both of his nephews into positions of power in the Church

Pius II

• Canonized Catherine of Sienna

• Tried and failed to organize a crusade to remove the Turks

Catherine of Sienna

• Ascetic mystic

• Doctor of the Church

Paul II

• Secretly instituted cardinals that were for his interests

• Opponent of the humanists

Humanism

• Placing more importance on humans than on the divine

Sixtus IV

• Founded the Spanish inquisition

• Strengthened himself by putting relatives in positions of power

Alexander VI

• Put into place Church teachings that sparked the reformation

• Put into power illegitimate children

Julius II

• Patron of art

• The warrior pope

• Hired Michelangelo

Leo X

• Formed corpus christi

Savonarola

• Franciscan Monk

• Destroyed immoral art

How did political factors fuel the reformation

• The Church had less control over people as the nations gained more power, which allowed reformers to more easily push their ideas

Indulgences

• Selling pardons or God’s grace

Multiplication of Benefices

• Taking multiple positions to earn more money

Diplomatic Overkill

• The clergy spending too much time with world leaders and not enough time in the actual churches

What Caused Luther to be a Monk?

• An experience of being caught in a thunderstorm caused him to become a Monk, saying that if God let him live, he would convert.

What two sacraments did Luther Keep?

• Eucharist and Baptism

Exsurge Domine

• Published by Pope Leo X condemning the thesises

Henry VII

• Wrote In Defense of the 7 Sacrements

Pope Paul III

• Known as Cardinal Petticoat

• Called for reformations of the Church and conversion of clergy

Council of Trent

• Longest council in the history of the Church

• Ecumenical

• Worked on how to respond to the Protestant Reformation

• Took too long to convene

• Had many disputes on agenda and method

• Spoke about original sin and justification

What did protestants focus on after they shook the world?

• Scripture and morality