Section A - Natural hazards

What is a natural hazard?

Extreme natural events caused by natural processes that threaten or have the potential to cause damage and harm to people, environment and the economy.

Would natural hazards still occur without humans?

Yes as they are caused by natural processes.

Is a natural hazard still considered a natural hazard if it occurs nowhere near any humans or property?

No

Name 4 types of natural hazards.

• Tectonic hazard.

• Atmospheric hazard.

• Biological hazard.

• Geomorphological hazard.

What is a tectonic hazard?

Hazards created through the movement of the Earth’s tectonic plates.

Give examples of tectonic hazards.

Earthquakes + Volcanic eruptions + Tsunami.

What is an atmospheric hazard?

Hazards created in the atmosphere.

Give examples of atmospheric hazards.

Tropical storm + Drought + Tornado.

What is a biological hazard?

Hazards involving living things.

Give examples of biological hazards.

Forest fires + Wildfires.

What is a geomorphological hazard?

Hazards caused by processes which occur on the surface of the earth.

Give examples of geomorphological hazards.

Landslides + Flooding + Mudflow.

What is a natural disaster?

When the damage or destruction actually takes place as a result of the natural hazard.

Define: Hazard risk

Probability or chance of a natural hazard occurring.

Give 5 factors that will affect hazard risk.

• Population density.

• Population growth.

• Wealth.

• Urbanisation.

• Deforestation.

• Global warming.

Describe how population density affects hazard risk.

P - Population density has increased in recent years meaning more people live closer together.

E - In these areas, people will struggle to find safety and evacuate, meaning more will die.

Describe how population growth affects hazard risk.

P - Increase in population means more people live in hazard prone areas.

E - Leads to a much higher death toll.

Describe how urbanisation affects hazards risk.

P - Urbanisation is people moving from the countryside to rural areas.

E1 - If people live closely in small areas, they will struggle to find safety/evacuate and will continue to live in areas thought to be risky, leading to more deaths.

E2 - More buildings/roads built means more impermeable surfaces so surface run off may occur, leading to flooding which damages property and lives.

Describe how global warming affects hazards risk.

P - Global warming is a type of climate change where the earth is getting warmer, often due to greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

E - If global warming increases, tropical storms increase in intensity meaning more deaths/injuries.

Describe how deforestation affects hazards risk.

P - Deforestation is the cutting down of trees.

E - Less trees means less interception and more surface run off so the likelihood of flooding increases.

Describe how wealth affects hazards risk.

P - LIC’s can’t afford MPPP strategies, technology not as advanced, protocols not in place.

E - Less prepared for hazards so more likely to die/get injured.

Name the 4 layers of the earth.

Crust, Mantle, Outer core & Inner core.

What is the crust?

The surface of the earth that we stand on on.

Name 2 types of tectonic plates.

Oceanic + Continental.

Which plate is denser: oceanic or continental?

Oceanic

Which plate is heavier: oceanic or continental?

Oceanic

Which plate is lighter: oceanic or continental?

Continental

Which plate is older: oceanic or continental?

Continental.

Why are continental plates older than oceanic ones?

The oceanic crust is continually being created and destroyed.

What is the thinnest layer of the earth?

Crust

What is the thickest layer of the earth?

Mantle

Which layers of the Earth are liquid?

Outer core.

Which layers of the earth are solid?

Crust, Mantle and Inner core.

What temperature can the inner core reach?

6000°C

Which 2 layers make up the lithosphere?

Crust + Upper Mantle.

How many minor and major plates are there?

7 minor + 8 major.

Where do most earthquakes occur on Earth?

Along the Pacific “Ring of Fire”.

What is a plate boundary?

Where 2 plates meet along the edges.

Name the 3 plate boundaries.

Destructive, constructive and transform.

What is another name for a transform plate?

Conservative

What is the direction of plates at transform?

Side by side.

What is the direction of plates at constructive?

Away

What is the direction of plates at destructive?

Towards

Which plate margin has a subduction zone?

Destructive plate margin.

What landforms/hazards occur at constructive plates?

• Volcanic eruptions

• Earthquakes

• Ridge Push

• Shield Volcanoes

What landforms/hazards occur at transform plates?

Earthquakes

What landforms/hazards occur at destructive plates?

• Volcanic eruptions

• Earthquakes

• Slab pull

• Stratovolcano

• Fold mountain

At what plates do earthquakes occur?

Transform, Constructive and Destructive.

At what plates do volcanoes occur?

Constructive and Destructive.

At what plate does a fold mountain form?

Destructive

At what plate does a shield volcano form?

Constructive

At what plate does a stratovolcano form?

Destructive

What type of volcano forms at constructive plate margins?

Shield volcano

What type of volcano forms at destructive plate margins?

Stratovolcano

Explain how earthquakes occur at constructive plate margins.

• Plates are jagged/not smooth/rough base.

• Plates move move apart and drag along the mantle.

• Friction builds between mantle and plates.

• Plates jolt/get stuck.

• Pressure builds.

• Seismic waves released from focus.

• Small earthquakes.

Explain how volcanic eruptions occur at constructive plate margins.

• Crust moves apart and magma rises in the mantle as it’s less dense/hot.

• Lava rises to the surface through the gap where plates have moved apart.

• Volcanic eruption.

• Cools for new rock.

• Shield volcanoes form.

Explain how earthquakes occur at destructive plate margins.

• Plates are jagged/not smooth/rough base

• Plates move towards each other and collide

• Friction builds

• Plates jolt/get stuck

• Pressure builds

• Seismic waves released from focus

• Violent earthquakes

Explain how volcanic eruptions occur at destructive plate margins.

• Oceanic plates moves towards continental

• Oceanic plate subducts as its denser/heavier

• Plate sinks to mantle

• Melts to form magma

• Magma rises to the crust as it’s hot and less dense

• Pressure builds under the earths crust

• Magma escapes through the rock

• Volcanic eruption

• Stratovolcanoes form

Explain how earthquakes occur at transform plate margins.

• Plates are jagged/not smooth/rough base

• Plates move alongside each other

• Friction builds between plates

• Plates jolt/get stuck

• Pressure builds

• Seismic waves released from focus

• Violent earthquakes

Explain how volcanic eruptions occur at transform plate margins.

No space for magma to rise

What is a volcano with steep sides called?

Stratovolcano

Where do stratovolcanoes form?

Destructive plate margins

Where do shield volcanoes form?

Constructive plate margins

Where and how do fold mountains form?

At destructive plate margins when 2 continental plates meet.

What is formed when 2 continental plates meet at a destructive plate margin?

Fold mountain.

What scale do we use to measure earthquakes?

Richter Scale

What is the Richter Scale?

A scale to measure the magnitude of an Earthquake - 1 to 10.

What does the magnitude of an earthquake refer to?

The strength/size of an earthquake.

Define: Focus

Where the pressure is released in the crust of the earth.

Define: Epicentre

The points on the earth surface directly above the focus.

Define: Seismic waves

The energy released in an earthquake from the focus.

Define: Foreshock

Occurs before the main earthquake begins.

Define: Main shock

The main or largest earthquake.

Define: Aftershock

Occurs after the main earthquake has ended.

Does a shallow focus or deep focus cause more damage?

A shallow focus has larger impact as seismic wave energy is stronger.

Why does magma rise?

It’s hot and less dense.

What is the old theory for tectonic plate movement?

Convection currents.

Describe convection currents.

• Inner core reaches 6000°C.

• Heat heats up the magma, causing it to rise in the mantle because it’s less dense and very hot.

• When it gets near the crust, the heat splits and cools, becoming dense so it sinks back to the core.

• Reheated and process repeats.

How did geographers disprove convection currents?

Using modern imaging techniques - x rays could not identify any convection currents that are strong enough in the mantle.

What is the new theory for tectonic plate movement?

Ridge push slab pull.

What is the key force in ridge push slab pull?

Slab pull

What plate margin is the slab pull at?

Destructive

What plate margin is the ridge push at?

Constructive

Why do oceanic plates sink beneath continental plates?

• Heavier

• Denser

• Gravity speeds up process

Define: Primary effects

Occurs immediately after the earthquake happens (direct effect) like buildings destroyed or injuries.

Define: Secondary effects

Occurs later as a result of the primary effects (indirect effect) like homelessness or landslides.

What is the difference between primary and secondary effects?

Primary occur immediately after the earthquake happens (direct effect) whilst secondly occur later as a result of the primary effects (indirect effect).

Define: Immediate response

Response within days or weeks of the disaster like search and rescue.

Define: Long term response

Response within months or years of a disaster like rebuilding homes.

What is the difference between immediate and long term effects?

Immediate responses occur within days or weeks of the disaster whilst long term responses occur within months or years.

What factors can influence the effects/responses of a natural hazard?

• LIC or HIC.

• Rural or urban areas.

• Magnitudes of earthquake.

• Distance from epicentre.

• Time of day.

Give general primary effects of an earthquake.

• Buildings destroyed and damaged.

• People injured and killed.

• Transport routes damaged.

• Water, gas, electricity supplies cut.

Give general secondary effects of an earthquake.

• Economy slows as tourism declines and businesses have to rebuild.

• Food prices increase.

• Homelessness.

• Lack of clean water leads to disease.

Give general immediate responses of a earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

• Clearing ash and debris.

• Evacuation.

• Rescue teams search for survivors.

• Food and water provided.

• Medical assistance.

Give general long term responses of a earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

• Rebuilding homes and buildings.

• Improved building regulations.

• Improved drills, warnings and evacuation plans.

• Repair water, gas and electricity supplies.

• Transport routes rebuilt.

What is our LIC case study for earthquakes?

Gorkha, Nepal

What is our HIC case study for earthquakes?

L’Aquila, Italy

When was the Nepal earthquake?

2015

When was the Italy earthquake?

2009

What time was the Nepal earthquake?

11:26 am