International Relations 1814-1945 Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards related to International Relations between 1814 and 1945, focusing on the period 1813-1824 and key events like the Congress of Vienna.

Treaty of Kalish

Signed between Prussia and Russia in 1813, ensuring Russia continued its war efforts against Napoleon in exchange for Prussian territory in Poland.

Congress of Vienna

Aims to prevent the rise of another figure like Napoleon and restore the pre-French Revolution situation (Ancien Régime).

Legitimacy (as a principle of the Congress of Vienna)

The restoration of absolutist monarchies, viewing republics as a product of revolution and therefore unacceptable.

Balance of Power (as a principle of the Congress of Vienna)

Creating a balance of power to prevent any single state on the European continent from gaining dominance over others.

Clement von Metternich

Minister of Foreign Affairs of Austria, central figure in maintaining a balance of power in Europe.

Castlereagh

British Minister of Foreign Affairs, focused on protecting British interests, including the global British Empire and control over the seas.

Splendid Isolation

British foreign policy in the late 19th century, characterized by non-involvement in European alliances and conflicts to protect British interests.

Russian Intervention Principle (under Alexander I)

A maximalist approach to intervention, advocating for action in response to any revolution or border change.

British Intervention Principle

A minimalist approach to intervention, favoring action only if France undertakes military actions.

Diplomatiek instrumentarium

Diplomatic agreements including the Holy Alliance and the Quadruple Alliance, aimed at maintaining European stability after Napoleon's defeat.

Holy Alliance

Founded on September 26, 1815, by Tsar Alexander I of Russia, it aimed to ensure peace and stability in post-Napoleonic Europe through the adherence to Christian principles of charity, peace, and love.

Quadruple Alliance

Established on November 20, 1815, it formalized the cooperation between Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia to maintain European peace and suppress any resurgence of French aggression following the Napoleonic Wars.

Alexander I of Russia

Charismatic but complex leader, Tsar of Russia, who saw himself as the divine protector of Europe.

Nicolaas I of Russia

Policy focused on suppressing revolutions in Central Europe and destabilizing the Ottoman Empire to gain influence in the Balkans.

Clemens von Metternich

Conservative Austrian statesman who sought to maintain the status quo and prevent revolutions.

Von Hardenberg

Minister under Frederick-Willem III, aimed to strengthen Prussia's position within the German Confederation, leading to rivalry with Austria.

Castlereagh

British statesman who sought to maintain a balance of power in Europe, primarily focusing on economic and maritime interests.

Talleyrand

French diplomat who skillfully maneuvered to restore France to a central role in European diplomacy after Napoleon.

Treaty of Reichenbach (27 June 1813)

Agreement in which Austria joined the Russian-Prussian alliance against Napoleon after he rejected a peace settlement.

Frankfurter Proposals

Provided that France could retain its "natural borders" (Pyrenees, Alps, Rhine), contingent on Napoleon respecting the territorial integrity of Holland and Spain and negotiating Italy.

Treaty of Chaumont (1 March 1814)

Alliance between Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia, aiming to restore pre-Napoleonic Europe and prevent separate peace with France.

Secret articles of the Treaty of Chaumont

Established a buffer state consisting of Dutch territories, the creation of the German Confederation, and the reinstallation of Spanish King Ferdinand VII.

Treaty of Fontainebleau (12 April 1814)

Agreement resulting in Napoleon's abdication and exile to Elba, the appointment of Louis XVIII as French king and the promise that Marie-Louise would have authority of over the duchys.

First Treaty of Paris (30 May 1814)

Occurring on May 30, 1814, this agreement confirmed arrangements from the Treaty of Fontainebleau and saw France spared reparations, allowed to keep its 1792 borders, and retain nearly all colonies, promoting stability and the Restoration to avoid revolution.

VIII Articles of London (21 July 1814)

Agreement that formed the United Kingdom of the Netherlands as a buffer state against France.

Geheim Akkoord van 3 januari 1815

Defensive pact between Great Britain, Austria, and later France, designed to counteract Russian and Prussian ambitions during the Congress of Vienna.

The Final Act of Vienna

Formal conclusion of the Congress of Vienna, restructuring Europe politically and territorially after Napoleon's fall, signed on June 9, 1815.

Three main components of the Slotakte van Wenen

The foundation for the legitimacy principle, territorial agreements and compensations, and principles of international law.

Territorial arrangements of the Slotakte van Wenen

Agreements included the strengthening of states near France, such as the Kingdom of the Netherlands and Piedmont-Sardinia, as well as the Swiss Confederation's neutrality and the creation of the German Confederation.

Second Treaty of Paris (20 November 1815)

This treaty, signed after Napoleon's defeat, imposed stricter terms on France, including territorial losses, war reparations, and military occupation.

Diplomatieke Instrumentarium na de Slotakte van Wenen

Instrument developed to maintain the new territorial and political equilibrium in Europe with the Heilige Alliantie and the Viervoudige Alliantie.

De Heilige Alliantie (26 september 1815)

Initiated by Tsar Alexander I of Russia, intended to uphold monarchical order and suppress revolutionary movements through Christian values.

De Viervoudige Alliantie (20 november 1815)

Led by Lord Castlereagh and aimed to sustain alliance and collective safety against French agression and limit Russian Hegemony.

Besluiten van de Viervoudige Alliantie

It involved Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain and was designed to set interventions on European order.

Pentarchie

The return of France into international diplomacy after the post-Napoleonic era.

The conference of Aken

The conference ended the occupation and led to the Pentarchie.

Liberalisme eisen

Individual freedoms, freedom of the press, right of assembly, right to ownership all recorded into a Constitution.

Outbreak of Spanish Revolution

Troops in Cádiz, led by Rafael del Riego, revolted and demanded the implementation of the liberal constitution.

Oostenrijk

Guaranteed bourbon regime restored, protectorate over KBS.

Troppau-protocol

Agreement between Austria, Prussia, and Russia that gave them the right to act against revolutions in Europe.

Revolutie in Koninkrijk van Beide Siciliën (KBS)

Guglielmo Pepe staffcheaf and constitution along model of Spanish constitution signed.

Revolutie in Piëmont-Sardinië

Troops of Alexandria under Santorre di Santarosa hoped to enforce a constitution in their land and liberate Lombardije-Venetië bevrijden van Oostenrijkse control.

After effects of 1820-1821

France would invade Spanje to restore absolutism and the revolts would change no boundaries.

Conferentie van Verona(1822)

Conference between major powers about French intention to restore Ferdinand's power.

Alexander blabla

Greek aristocrat who crossed into Moldavië to start a revolt against the Ottomans.

Conventie van Akkerman

Conference meant to discuss Greek freedom but triggered hardline politics from Russel with Ultimatum.

Protocol van Sint-Petersburg

GB proposed to connect Russian politics to British ideas about the Ottoman Empire in the form of slow policy.

Slag van Navarino(1827)

The combined Ottoman and Egyptian fleet was destroyed. Egypt lost its influence.

Verdrag van Adrianopel(1829)

Autonomy for Greece guaranteed by great powers.

Verdrag van Unkiar-Skelessi(1833)

Russians guaranteed exclusive access to the Black Sea.

Conventie can de Zee-engten(1841)

Declared the sea-strait nuetral unless Ottomans at war, which they were allowed to use bondgenoten.

Verdag van Parijs(1856)

Ended Krimoorlog and stated the Black Sea would be neutralised.

Mohammed Ali

Pasha of Turkish Egypt in 1800s and modernizing force, had ambitions to control larger territories.

Griekse Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog reasons

Economic, Religious, Political.

Russian Benefits from Griekse Questie

Stronger position in Balkan and Black Sea, not in Med.

British Benefits from Griekse Questie

Gained maritime control in trade, but had to accept Russias growth.

France benefits from Griekse Questie

Was able to restore prestige with new territories.

Why Franse invasion Algerije happened

Karel X launched to distract from domestic issues, later used by Louis-Philippe.

Brits limit on dominance of Alergije

Ruled they had no influence of strategic sea states or Tunisië/Marocco.

Role of Russia in 'Asiastic Questie'

Russia sought to expand central Asiatic influence so Britian created Forward policy.

Persian Questie Treaty

Treaties of Goelistan(1813) and Turkmanchai(1828) gave RU territory from Persia and rights on Kaspische region.

Liberal doorbraak

Through 1834 Zollverein, France 1830, Brit textile and export.

Karel X

He attempted to control powers of the church and adell, caused protest.

Belgium revolt against NDL reason

Economic, Political, Religion reason.

Londense Conferentie(1830-1831)

Recognized Belgium Indepence.

1830-1848 Opstonden

Failed b/c Austria and Russia and Prussia cracked down harder.

Mohammed Ali Ambitions

In a period of French and British temporary understanding, he aimed for de facto acceptance, succession and Syrië conquered.

Inwering van grootmachten(Rus)

Threw support and dwong Verdrag with Russia for protection control of Straaten.

Conventie van de zee-entten (1841)

The neutrality.

Binnenmenging grootmachten, FA en GB

French support and Brit resistance.

Twee Hoofdddoelen Opstanden '48

Sociaal progressed, Nationaal Liberal eisen.

Habsburgse Rijk and more opstanden door Europe

France

Areas with

Hongaarije and Austrian areas sought independencs an new rule.

Italië '48 Revolution

Austria against Italië from Piëmont-Sardinië and Neoguelfa for Paus Lidership.

Pius The ninth.

1846, door Karl.

Why German Unification mislukt

B/c of conservatish.

Italiaanse Eenmaking Faase1

France wanted to force confederation and to push Austria out and gain influence.

Ita Ein F2

Napoleon over power lost and ps leader ship take over.

Italian Eine FK3

Role of France in Veniatie is sought.

Gavour

For P ru and NIce and to help push Austrian

Garbaldi

Take lead ein processo einmaking.

German ei

Macht of B from 1862, Deens Pruisische oorlog, Oost and pruis ocean.

Mex Avont

Domestice unrest

Lange teen ground

Stong influence of Ger in Europe