EXAM 3 - Molec - Using Practice exam vocab

Touch DNA

Genetic material that someone leaves on an object after coming in contact with it

CODIS

The FBI's criminal DNA database that stores DNA profiles

Off-target editing

Unintended mutation induced by a genome modification tool

Indel

The result of adding or removing individual nucleotides within an organism's genome

Locus

The precise position of a DNA sequence within a chromosome

Allele

Different versions of DNA sequence at a specific locus

Secondary DNA transfer

Inadvertent deposit of an individual's DNA onto an item by an unrelated person

Progeria

Genetic disorder leading to accelerated aging in a child not due to inheritance

David Liu

Pioneer and current leader of base and prime editing technologies

Electroporation

Technique that uses an electrical field to introduce nucleic acids into cells

The Innocence Project

Non-profit group committed to proving the innocence of wrongly accused people

Gene knockout

Intentional genome modification that results in the inactivation of a specific gene

Editing by non-homologous end joining

Genome alteration where broken DNA ends are rejoined without a template often resulting in mutations or deletions

Lukis Anderson

Publicized person unjustly implicated due to indirect DNA transfer

Acr proteins

Group of phage-derived molecules that counteract CRISPR-Cas9

Editing by homology-directed repair

Genome modification that relies on insertion of a supplied DNA sequence at the cut site

Genome editing

Generic term for any technology that introduces specific changes to genomic DNA

Cas9

Prokaryotic protein enzyme that associates with a guide RNA to cut specific DNA sequences

DNA repair mechanisms

Molecular processes through which a cell detects and repairs DNA damage

Mosaicism

Condition where an individual has cells with different genetic makeups

Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis

Examination of genetic abnormalities in embryos before gestation

Meganuclease TALEN and ZFN

Engineered restriction enzymes used before CRISPR-Cas9

Guide RNA

Short structured RNA that positions Cas9 by base pairing with target DNA

Mitochondrial donation replacement

Therapeutic assisted reproduction technique replacing mitochondria from a donor

ABE

Precision genome editing tool that converts A-T base pairs into G-C without DNA cleavage

NDIS

FBI program including the DNA database identification system and legal framework

Addgene

Nonprofit plasmid repository that distributes genetic materials

CBE

Genome editing tool that converts C-G base pairs into T-A without DNA cuts

CRISPR

Widely used genome editing tool derived from a prokaryotic immune system

Cystic fibrosis

Inherited condition affecting respiratory and digestive systems due to thick mucus

Transfection

Process of introducing nucleic acids into cells by non-viral methods

Micro-injection

Technique that inserts biomolecules into cells using thin capillary tubes

STR

Microsatellite DNA consisting of short repeated nucleotide sequences

Chain of custody

Documentation of evidence handling from collection to court presentation

Germ line

Cells that directly pass genetic information to offspring

Huntington’s disease

Inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by repeat expansion mutations

PAM

Short DNA sequence immediately following the target site required for Cas9 activity

Prime editing

CRISPR-based method using a guide RNA and reverse transcriptase to introduce precise edits without double-strand breaks

USDA

Federal department overseeing agriculture and natural resources

Glyphosate

Popular broad-spectrum herbicide

FDA

Federal agency responsible for drug safety and regulation

EPA

The US environmental protection agency

Genetic disorder

An inherited medical condition caused by DNA abnormalities

Tumor microenvironment

Complex ecosystem where tumor and healthy cells interact

Cas9 nuclease

Protein enzyme that targets and cuts specific DNA sequences

Epitope

Specific part of an antigen to which an antibody binds

Monoclonal antibody

Antibodies that all recognize the same epitope

Polyclonal antibody

Antibodies that recognize different epitopes on the same antigen

Bispecific antibody

Artificial protein that binds two different antigens

Trispecific antibody

Artificial immunoglobulin that binds three different antigens

Arctic Apple

Commercial genetically modified fruit less susceptible to browning

Bcl-xL

Transmembrane mitochondrial protein that prevents apoptosis

T-cell exhaustion

State of T-cell dysfunction due to prolonged antigen exposure

Cytokine

Class of small signaling proteins including interferons

Anergy

Rapid selective inactivation of T-cells in response to antigen

Gene therapy

Treatment that delivers exogenous DNA to compensate for abnormal genes

T cells

White blood cells produced in the thymus that recognize specific antigens

Checkpoint inhibition

Therapy that blocks ligands used by cancer cells to inactivate T-cells

Cytokine release syndrome

Life-threatening condition caused by massive cytokine release

BT toxin

Insecticide produced by Bacillus thuringiensis

Humanized antibody

Non-human antibody modified to resemble human antibodies

Biolistics

Technique using DNA-coated particles propelled into cells

Protoplast fusion

Method to fuse plant cells without cell walls

Hybridoma

Fusion product of a B-cell and a myeloma cell

Polyploidy

Cellular state where cells acquire additional chromosome sets

Recombinant protein

Protein produced using engineered expression systems

Innate Potato

Genetically modified potato with reduced browning and acrylamide production

Ex vivo gene therapy

Treatment modifying cells outside the body before reinfusion

AquaBounty

Company that engineered the first FDA-approved transgenic animal