Eukaryotes

Eukaryote Domains and Examples

Diplomonads

Excavata

Lacks a functioning mitochondria, multiple flagella, two nuclei

e.g. Giardia (Water Parasite)

Parabasalids

Excavata

Lacks functioning mitochondria, moves through undulating membrane + flagella

e.g. Trichomonas (STD)

Euglenids

Excavata

Autotrophic and sometimes Heterotrophic (Mixotrophic with Chloroplasts), detects and moves towards light

e.g. Euglena

Kinetoplastids

Excavata

Heterotrophic + Symbiotic, had Kinetoplasts (large mitochondria) 

e.g. Trypanosoma (Changas’ disease)

Secondary Endosymbiosis

Stramenopila and Alveolata

One Eukaryotic cell absorbs another Eukaryotic cell that has already gone through primary endosymbiosis. Plastids have 3 membranes.

Alveolata

Having “sacs” (alveoli) inside the membrane, secondary endosymbiosis

Dinoflangellates

Alveolata

Unicellular photosynthetic plankton, cellulose plates provide structure, has a grove in one flagellum

e.g. Symbiotic with coral reefs, bioluminescent, “red tides” algal bloom kills fish

Apicomplexans

Alveolata

Parasitic protozoa, specialized to invade host cells

e.g. Plasmodium (cases Malaria)

Cilates

Alveolata

Have many cilia to move and feed, are Heterotrophs

e.g. Paramecium

Stramenopila

Biflagellated (One hairy and one smooth flagellum), secondary endosymbiosis

Diatoms

Stramenopila

Interlocking cell walls of silica (glass), marine + freshwater photosynthesis 

e.g. Diatomaceous Earth

Brown Algae

Stramenopila

Marine seaweed, forms large forests of kelp, many exhibit “alternation of generation”

e.g. Sargassum

Water Mold

Stramenopila

Oomycetes, heterotrophic (no chloroplasts), diploid dominate life stage

e.g. Potato blight, rust, powdery mildew, agricultural diseases

Rhizaria

Heterotrophic cells with hair like pseudopadia

Foraminifera

Rhizaria

“Shelled amoeba”, multi-chambered calcium carbonate shells called tests, pseudopadia extends from pours in shell, symbiotic relationship with algae, left a wealth of fossils.

Cercozoans 

Rhizaria 

Mostly heterotrophic protozoans, some are parasitic. Some are autotrophs that either engulfed a green algae or has an odd organelle hinting towards alternative endosymbiosis.   

Radiolarians

Rhizaria

Unicellular with glass “shells”, rays of cytoplasmic extensions called “axopodia” which increase its surface area for floating on water columns and phagocytizing food.

Red Algae

Archaeplastida

Contains phycobilins which absorb light at different wavelengths allowing them to adapt to deeper waters, mostly multicellular, no flagellated cell stage, some species used as food

e.g. Nori

Green Algae

Archaeplastida 

Marine and freshwater environments, can be multicellular, unicellular, colonial, and filamentous, many exhibit “alteration of generation”.

e.g. Volvex, Caulerpa, Chorella

Kingdom Plantae

Archaeplastida

(Will have a separate flashcard set)

Amoebazoans

Unikonta

Big pseudopodia 

Tubulinids 

Amoebazoans

Unicellular, use pseudopodia to move and feed (phagocytosis), most are free living in soil, freshwater, or marine environments. 

e.g. Amoeba proteus 

Entamoebas

Amoebazoans

Parasitic, amoebic dysentery

Mycetozoa (Mold Slime)

Amoebazoans

Plasmodial (Filamentous growth in one cytoplasm, multiple nuclei not divided into cells, engulfs decaying matter as food)

Cellular (ameoboid cells move and feed with pseudopodia, form a colony for dispersal).

Kingdom Animalia

Amoebazoans
(Covered in a latter chapter)

Kingdom Fungi

Amoebazoans
(Will have a separate set of flash cards)