Human A&P Final - Reproductive System

asexual reproduction

organisms reproduce by making copies of themselves

sexual reproduction

genes from two individuals are combined and arranged in new ways

fertilization

fusion of the 2 gametes

zygote

the result of fertilization is a diploid…

23 from each parent

each zygote typically inherits how many chromosomes

over 1000

X-chromosome contains how many genes

not needed for life

Y chromosomes are…

egg can only pass on an X

a baby’s sex is determined by the sperm because the…

bar body

1 X chromosome per female gets inactivated and forms a…

1. penis

2. scrotum

3. testes

4. duct system

5. glands

5 parts that make up the male anatomy

delivers sperm to the female reproductive system

penis function

penis

contains the male urethra as well as erective tissue that engorges with blood

1. testes

2. epididymis

3. spermatic cord

the scrotum is a sac of skin that contains…

testes

where sperm and testosterone are produced

epididymis

where sperm mature and are stored

vas deferens

transports the sperm

cremaster muscle

muscle that contracts to bring testes closer to the body; maintains correct testicular temp for spermatogenesis

seminiferous tubules

where sperm is actually produced

ductal system

delivers sperm from the testes to the female reproductive system

1. epididymis

2. vas deferens

3. ejaculatory duct

4. urethra

the ductal system includes these 4 parts…

1. ampulla

2. seminal vesicles

2 parts that make up the ejaculatory duct

ampulla

where vas deferens meets the prostate and seminal vesicles

seminal vescicles

secrete alkaline ejaculatory fluid containing sugar, protein, etc.

1. prostate gland

2. cowper’s gland

2 accessory glands of the male reproductive system

prostate gland

secretes alkaline fluid that decreases acidity of semen

cowper’s gland

secrete mucus and more alkaline fluid to protect the sperm pathway

urethra

in male’s, both urine and semen exit out of the…

1. prostatic urethra

2. membranous urethra

3. penile urethra

3 main portions of the male urethra

sperm have to last a very long time to reach the egg

nutrition and protection of the sperm is important because…

1. ovaries

2. fallopian tubes

3. uterus

4. vagina

5. external genitalia

6. mammary glands

6 parts that make up the female reproductive system

ovaries

contain the eggs and pituitary hormones that mature the follicles

fallopian tubes

captures the egg after ovulation

cilia and peristalsis

two things that help move the egg toward the sperm and help move the zygote toward the uterus for implantation

uterus

site of fetal growth and development

1. endometrium

2. myometrium

3. perimetrium

3 layers of the uterus

endometrium

mucosal inner lining of the uterus that is shed during menstruation

myometrium

muscular middle lining of the uterus that contracts during childbirth

perimetrium

outer sac with glands that produce mucus in the uterus

1. fundus

2. body

3. cervix

uterus can be divided into these 3 things…

cervix

lower narrow end of the uterus that connects it to the vagina

vagina

passageway for sperm to travel to the fallopian tubes, discharging menstrual fluid, and birthing the fetus

skene’s and bartholin’s glands

secrete a protective, lubricating fluid into the vagina

hymen

thin connective tissue that covers the external vaginal opening

1. vulva

2. labia minora

3. labia majora

4. clitoris

4 external genitalia of the female reproductive system

vulva

all external structures of the female reproductive system

labia minora

inner skin folds that protect vaginal opening and has Bartholin’s glands

labia majora

larger longitudinal skin folds

clitoris

contains many sensory neurons and plays a role in arousal in women

breasts

consist of fatty tissue, suspensory ligaments, and mammary glands

lobules

produce milk

breast ducts

bring milk to the nipple

areola

secretes oils and protect nipple from chafing during breastfeeding

female

the default template of developing reproductive organs is…

embryonic gonads

these have the potential to become either testes or ovaries

SRY

sex-determining region; if absent, ovaries are formed

cryptorchidism

non-descent of the testes

mullerian duct

develops into fallopian tubes and uterus

wolffian duct

develops into epididymis, vas deferens, and ejaculatory duct

same embryonic structures

both male and female external genitalia are derived from the…

genital tubercle

develops into glans penis in males or clitoris in females

urethral folds

develop into shaft of penis in males and labia minora in females

labiascrotal swellings

develop into labia majora or scrotum

derivative of testosterone

whether external structures develop into the male or female counterparts depends on a…

1. embryonic development of male and female reproductive structures

2. formation of gametes

3. regulation of menstrual cycle

4. puberty and the development of secondary sex characteristics

sex hormones are important for these 4 things…

estrogen and progesterone

2 steroid hormones that ovaries produce

1. promotes growth of endometrium

2. promotes female secondary sex characteristics

3. increases metabolism, adipose storage, and bone formation

estrogen functions (3)

1. prepares endometrium for pregnancy

2. relaxes uterus to prevent premature birth

3. stimulates development of mammary glands

progesterone functions (3)

testosterone and dihydrotestosterone

2 steroid hormones the testes produce

1. gives males secondary sex characteristics and sex drive

2. regulates metabolism

3. promotes potassium excretion

testosterone functions (3)

1. luteinizing hormone

2. follicle stimulating hormone

2 hormones that the pituitary gland secretes

follicle

a spheroid aggregation of hormone-secreting cells that surround an egg cell in the ovary

FSH

stimulates the growth and development of immature ovarian follicles containing the egg cells to prepare for ovulation

LH

signals to ovaries to make testosterone, which is then converted to estrogen

mullerian inhibiting factor

makes sure that uterus and fallopian tubes are not grown

androgen-binding protein

captures androgens from the blood and helps them be more concentrated in the testes

aromatases

convert some testosterone into estrogen; estrogen helps prevent apoptosis of sperm

Sertoli cells

FSH stimulate activity of the…

Leydig cells

LH stimulates the activity of the…

Leydig cells

main job is to produce testosterone which initiates spermatogenesis

pulsatile manner

GnRH is released from the hypothalamus in a…

kisspeptins

these increase the release of GnRH

sex steroids and progesterone

hormones that inhibit the secretion of both GnRH and LH/FSH

gonads

release inhibin in the presence of FSH