prof nursing II--> qualatative reaserch (topic 3)

What is qualitative research?

- a systemic subjective approach to describe experiences and situations from the perspective of the person in the situation

- helpful for understanding human feelings like pain, comfort, care, and power

- consistent with the holistic philosophy of nursing, trying to understand as a whole

qualatative reasearch design overview and goals

- The goal of qualitative reaserch is not hypothesis testing, but it is to understand a person's feelings, experiences, and thoughts

- Each type of qualitative data is consistent with a different philosophical approach

Phenomenology

- will study people's experiences and what those experiences mean to them

- The person must be integrated into the environment

- Researchers must bracket their own opinions to provide a report in the same words as the patient

- data is collected through one or multiple interviews, and the clustered and grouped

- propose: to describe a patient's lived experinces as the individual perceived it

grounded theory

- an inductive technique that emerged spontaneously, often used in areas where there is minimal previous knowledge

- used for exploration and description of naturally occurring pneumonia, will see constant comparison to devlop and refine theories

- gather data via in-depth interviews and observation, data collection, analysis, and sampling will occur at the same time

Ethnography

- A study used to explain how cultures are maintained over time, will describe and interpret cultural behaviors

- based on the assumption that culture guides the way people structure their experiences

- data is collected based on a wide range of sources and intensive field work

- The product is a holistic, in-depth portrait of the culture being studied

explanatory descriptive qualitative

- not a specific type of reaserch design, used for studies whos porpose do not fit into the other categories of reaserch studies

- developed to increase information and insight into clinical and practice problems

case study

- used for the exploration of in-depth issues by looking at one or more cases within a system

- Use purposive sampling and multiple sources of information

- analyze data by finding a common theme to understand the complexity of the specific case, do not generalize further

meta- syntehsis

- combine information from multiple qualitative resources to devlop a new answer with a stronger understanding

- think making interpretations of interprtations, always want to refer back to orginal data to verify

mixed methods

- reaserch method that focuses on reaserch questions that require real-life contextual understanding, multilevel perspectives, and cultrual influence

- will answer questions methologies cannot and can provide stronger inferences

sampling methods in qualative reaserch

- going to use all the non-probability methods; therefore, subjects are not randomly chosen

1. convience sampling --> subjects are choosen out of conveince, because they are easily/ readily avalaible

2. quota sampling --> subjects are chosen to be in specific groups, the researcher will determine how many participants they need in each group

3. purposive sampling --> subjects are chosen because they serve a specific purpose for the experiment

4. snowball/ network sampling --> participants will recuit other participants to join the study

sample size determination

- the sample size differs based on the type of methodology and the different needs for reaserch

- in qualataive studied the sample sizes are often smaller

- we can see case studied with only one subject

- we can see phenologic studied for 6-8 particpants

point of saturation

- occurs when the point of reaserch is hit, in which we are not getting any new information, data, or themes

- nothing is changing, we keep getting the same results

data collection methods in qualatative data

1. interviewing --> very useful for understanding a person's thoughts, feelings and experiences

- always want to ask open-ended questions that are focused by the reasercher, avoid closed ended questions

2. observation--> want to activly listen and watch, read persons body language

data analysis in qualatative reasearch

- Data collection and analysis will occur at the same time in qualitative data, unlike in quantitative data, where it will occur separately

- researcher will collect data and simultaneously interpret it

- will often see continuous comparison of data and researchers will become immersed in reaserch

reflexive thought

- looking at how the researchers' own thoughts and feelings may affect the study

- reaserchers must practice self awareness and critical examination of their own influence on the experiment

- focuses on being aware of their bias

bracketing

- technique in which researchers work to set aside their own biases and prior knowledge of a phenomenon to study it more objectively

- key element of qualitative reaserch that allows researchers to embrance subjectively while still managing possible pitfalls

data reduction

- basically an analysis that will focus on reducing the large volume of data that has been aquired to facilitate the study

- will attach meaning to data, and can then remove what is not needed

coding

- a way to determine categories within data

- will attach abbreviations or symbols to words or phrases in data to make them easier to understand