G9 Q4 history

Feudalism

is the relationship between lord and vassal grew out of custom and traditional and involved an exchange of pledges 

Chivalry

in the later middle ages, knights adopted a code of conduct.

Troubadour

is the wandering musician- poets, who composes their love songs, praising the beauty and wit of women throughout the ages.

Manor

is the heart of medieval economy or the lord estates

Canon law

church developed its own body of laws, and had its own courts. 

Anti- semitism

Late 1000s, the churches power had increased, or prejudice against Jews

Usury

The Church forbade Christians from it, or the practice of lending money at interest.

Sacraments

is a priest who celebrates the mass and administered it, it’s also the sacred rite of the church. 

Charter

the merchants need to protect their interests, so they set up a new town and asked for a charter. It’s a written document setting out the rights and privileges of the town.

Magna carta

asserted that the nobles had certain rights and make it clear that the monarch must obey the law

Benedictine rules

a monk named Benedict organized the monastery of Monte Cassino in central Italy.

St. Francis of Assisi

the first order of friars, the Franciscans, it was founded by a wealthy Italian that’s

Excommunication

is the most severe and terrifying penalty, they’re cut off from church and its sacraments.

Common law

the decision of the royal courts became the basis. It’s the legal system based on custom and court rulings. 

King John

the son of Henry Ⅱ, he was clever, cruel, and an untrustworthy ruler. Faced a lot of enemies but he lost his struggles. 

Vernacular

new writing during his time, an everyday language of ordinary languages of ordinary people, such as French, German, and Italian.

Geoffrey Chaucer

an english writer follows a band of english pilgrims traveling to Thomas Becket’s tomb. 

Illumination

in the middle ages, monks, nuns, and other skilled artisans decorated a book, it’s elaborate with design and illustrations.

Black death

a disease in Europeans, is in Italy it also reached Spain and France. 

Joan of Arc

appeared at the court of Charles Ⅶ, the uncrowned king of France

100 years war

was a prolonged conflict between England and France fought from 1337 to 1453 over control of the French throne.

Crusades

were a series of religious wars fought between Christians and Muslims in the Middle Ages, with the goal of reclaiming Jerusalem and the Holy Land.

Papal Supremacy

is the belief that the Pope, as Bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church, holds ultimate authority over all other bishops and clergy.

Bubonic plague

known as the Black Death, was a deadly pandemic caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis that spread across Europe and Asia in the 14th century, killing millions of people.

Scholasticism

was a medieval philosophical and theological system that used logic and reason to reconcile Christian faith with classical knowledge and scholarship.

habeas corpus

is a legal principle that requires authorities to present a person who has been detained or imprisoned before a court, allowing the individual to challenge the lawfulness of their detention.

Parliament

is a legislative body in democratic countries, typically composed of representatives who are elected by the people or appointed by the monarch, and whose role is to make laws, scrutinize the actions of the government, and represent the interests of the electorate.

Monastery

is a religious community or complex of buildings where monks or nuns live and worship together, often following a specific rule or order.

Convert

means to change one's religious, political, or ideological beliefs or affiliations, often through a process of learning or persuasion.

Craftsman

is a skilled worker who creates or repairs objects by hand, often using traditional methods and tools.

Dante Allighierri

was an Italian poet and writer who is best known for his epic poem, The Divine Comedy, which is widely considered one of the greatest works of world literature.

Feudal lord

was a member of the nobility who held land and exercised political and economic control over a group of peasants or vassals in a feudal society.

William of normandy

known as William the Conqueror, was a Norman nobleman who invaded England in 1066, defeated the Anglo-Saxon king Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings, and became the first Norman king of England.

Henry Ⅳ

was a Holy Roman Emperor who reigned from 1056 to 1106 and was known for his struggles with the papacy, his campaigns to expand the empire, and his efforts to promote ecclesiastical reform.

Henry Ⅷ

was the King of England from 1509 to 1547, known for his six marriages, his break with the Roman Catholic Church, and his role in the English Reformation.

Byzantine Empire

was a continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire, which existed from the 4th century until the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and was known for its Greek-speaking culture, Orthodox Christianity, and strategic location at the crossroads of Europe and Asia.

Due process of law

Due process of law is the legal principle that the government must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person, including fair notice of legal proceedings, an opportunity to be heard, and a presumption of innocence.

Seljuk Turks

were a medieval Sunni Muslim dynasty that ruled over a vast empire in Central Asia, the Middle East, and Anatolia from the 11th to the 14th centuries.

Louis Ⅸ

ideal medieval monarch, very religious → persecuted heretics and Jews and led two battles against Muslims

Interdict

was a form of ecclesiastical censure in the Roman Catholic Church that prohibited the administration of certain sacraments and services in a particular region or country as a means of exerting pressure on the secular ruler or punishing the population for disobedience.

Great schism

known as the East-West Schism, was the split between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church in 1054, which resulted from a complex series of theological, political, and cultural differences between the two churches.

Alexius Ⅰ

Alexius I was the Byzantine Emperor who sent a plea to Pope Urban II for help against the Muslim Turks, which ultimately led to the calling of the First Crusade in 1095.

Pope urban Ⅱ

requested by Alexius I to assist with the fight against the Muslim Turks. Urban agreed and sent Christian knights to help. This symbolizes the union between the Roman popes and Byzantine emperors

Reconquistas

Spain was conquered by many Muslims. This is the Christian reconquest of Spanish land from Muslims

Great women of medieval europe

Great women of medieval Europe include figures such as Eleanor of Aquitaine, Hildegard of Bingen, and Joan of Arc, who played important roles in politics, religion, and culture despite the patriarchal norms of their time.

Pope of medieval europe

was the Bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church, who wielded significant spiritual, political, and cultural power across Europe during the Middle Ages.

The Germanic tribe

were a group of ethnolinguistic communities in northern and central Europe who spoke a variety of Germanic languages and played an important role in the political and cultural development of the region during the early Middle Ages.

Romanesque Churches

were a style of architecture that flourished in medieval Europe from the 9th to the 12th centuries, characterized by rounded arches, barrel vaults, thick walls, and decorative stone carvings.

Lay investitures

people not of the clergy are allowed to be the bishop and pope. Pope Gregory VII banned the lay investitures

Sacraments

Baptism, Eucharist, Confirmation, Holy