Stroop (1935)
Aim: It assesses the ability to prevent cognitive interference, which occurs when the processing of a stimulus feature affects the process of another attribute of the same stimulus.
Procedure:
100 students
Every subject read 2 sheets of 100 word each test
Instructed to name the colors OF the word as quickly as possible and correct all errors
Results:
Color matched the word - mean = 63.6 seconds
When the color didn’t match the word - mean = 110.3s
System 1 = can fly through the test easily
System 2 = must kick in when the colors don’t match the words.
Loftus and Palmer (1974)
Aim: testing the accuracy of eyewitnesses based on the ability to retrieve a memory from LTM and proving that it ends up altering the original memory
Procedure:
7 videos
5 groups
each shown a car wreck video in a diff order
Each group was given a questionnaire with using different word choice for the different groups: “How fast was the car going when they (hit/smashed/collided, bumped/contacted) each other?
Results:
Response Rias: giving a higher speed based on the intensity of the word used.
Memory change: they truly remember it going faster based on the verbiage of the word.
Huber, Payne & Puto (1982)
Aim: seek to confirm the Asymmetrically Dominant Decoy Theory
Procedure:
153 participants
Required to make choices in six categories: cars, restaurants, beers, lotteries, films, and TV sets
Each decision set included two or three alternatives, with each alternative defined on two attributes (for example, size versus price)
Results: 3-9% of participants switched their choice in the predicted direction whenever a third option was added.
System 1 and 2 thinking could be at work here. Maybe we fall for the decoy when we have to make a fast decision and we choose what seems to be the better option/deal. But if we can rationalize for long enough we will still do our original choice.
Sharot et al. (2007)
Ain: what is the mutual basis of Flashbulb memory?
Procedure:
3 years after 9/11/2001, 24 participants were asked to retrieve their memories of the event based on their geographical location
They were placed in an MRI scanner & asked to retrieve 60 memories related to a cue word "summer” or "September"
Results:
Those in Downtown Manhattan recorded having a higher rate of a ‘flashbulb memory’ as they recalled events of 9/11.
Supports evidence that flashbulb memories have a neural basis.
Baddeley (1994)
Aim: Tested central executive (intentional switches) and predicted that the central executives should slow down when there's too many tasks to focus on.
Procedure:
students type random digits on a keyboard - different timing, different letters, has to be completely random.
3 different conditions:
1 - recite alphabet
2 - numbers
3 - alternating between letters AND numbers (A,9,R,0,2,K)
Results: found that randomness was lower and the tasks were preformed slower in condition 3 compared to 1 & 2.
Glanzer and Cunitz (1966)
Aim:
to support the Multi Store Memory Model through serial position effect and the stores for STM and LTM
Serial Position Effect:
When you remember the beginning and end of a list but not the middle
Procedure:
240 army-enlisted men were required to memorize a list of words
Condition one: (free recall)- presented with 20 word lists followed by 2 minutes of a free recall task
Primacy effect: represents long term memory
Recency effect: represents short term memory
Condition 2: requires the participants to see or hear the lists, and before they can free call, they have to count backwards from 30
Results: people tended to remember the beginning of the list and the end of the list, more than the middle of the list. Indicated by the serial position effect.