Chapter 8 - Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West

peninsulares

top of Spanish-American society, people who had been born in Spain and the only ones who could hold high offices in Spanish colonial government

creoles

below the peninsulares in rank, they were Spaniards born in Latin America, they could not hold high political office, but they could rise as officers in the colonial armies

mestizos

below the peninsulares and creoles, persons of mixed European and Indian ancestry

mulattos

below peninsulares, creoles and mestizos, persons of mixed European and African ancestry

Simon Bolivar

wealthy Venezuelan creole who led the movement for independence in Latin America

Jose de San Martin

Argentinian creole who led the movement for independence in Latin America

Miguel Hidalgo

a priest who led a movement for independence in Mexico; eventually defeated

Jose Maria Morelos

led the revolution in Mexico after the defeat of Hidalgo; defeated after four years

conservative

usually wealthy property owners and nobility who argued for protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe

liberal

mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants who wanted to give more power to elected parliaments, but only the educated and landowners would vote

radical

favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people, they believed the government should practice the ideals of the French Revolution--liberty, equality and brotherhood

Nationalism

the belief that people's greatest loyalty should not be to king or empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture or history

nation-state

an independent geopolitical unit of people having a common culture and identity

Balkans

region that includes all or part of present-day Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and the former Yugoslavia--the Greeks were the first to go through a successful nationalist revolution

Louis-Napoleon

the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte who won the French Presidential election of 1848, four years later he took the tile of Emperor Napoleon III

Alexander II

czar of Russia who wanted to move the country towards modernization and social change; he delcared the serfs free and gave them land, but forced them to pay the government back for it; therfore the serfs were now legally free but still tied to the land by debt--he is assassinated in 1881

Russification

Romanov dynasty of Russia wanted to maintan control over the diversity that exisited in the country by instituting a policy that forced Russian culture on all the ethnic groups of the empire--the policy actually strengthed ethnic nationalist feelings and helped to disunify Russia

Camillo di Cavour

Prime Minister of Sardinia, he expanded their power, gained control of northern Italy and helped to united Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi

always wore a bright red shirt, captured Sicily and helped to unite the southern part of Italy

Junkers

strongly conservative members of Prussia's wealthy landowning class

Otto von Bismarck

conservative Junker named Prime Minister of Prussia in 1862, master of realpolitik, he expanded Prussia and unified German states under Prussian control, ruled with "blood and iron"

realpolitik

"politics of reality", used to describe the tough power politics with no room for idealism

kaiser

emperor of the Second Reich of Germany

romanticism

artistic movement that reflected deep interest in both nature and in the thoughts and feelings of the individual; emphasis on emotion

realism

artistic movement that tried to show life as it really was, not as it should be; the realist medium of choice was the photograph

impressionism

artistic style that tried to show an impression of a subject or moment in time; emphasis on light and pure, shimmering colors to capture a moment in a glance