act english

subject pronouns

i, you, he, she, it, we, you, they

object pronouns

me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them

possessive adjective

my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their

possessive pronouns

mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs

reflexive pronouns

myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourself, yourselves, themselves

present singular

i am, you are, he, she, it is

present plural

we are, you are, they are

past singular

i was, you were, he, she, it was

past plural

we were, you were, they were

future singular

i will be, you will be, he, she, it will be

future plural

we will be, you will be, they will be

who vs. whom

he = who

him = whom

whoeve vs. whomever

he = whoever

him = whomever

then vs. than

then = adverb, previous, former, sequence

than = comparison

lay vs. lie

lay = inanimate objects

lie = people

fewer vs. less

fewer = countable nouns

less = uncountable nouns

who vs. that vs. which

who = refers to people (that also refers to people)

that = essential clause

which = nonessential clause

this vs. that

this = something close in space or time, informal situations, item already known

that = something further away in space or time, more formal or distant situations, non specific items unknown to listener

restrictive vs non-restrictive elements

restrictive: essential, necessary for identifying noun that comes before them

non restrictive: not necessary for identifying noun that comes before them, just adds extra info (commas)

parallelism

• two or more sentences or clauses that contain similar grammar structures to make a passage more articulate

• parts of speech matching

• verb forms must remain consistent

• noun quantities should either be singular or plural

• subject matter: connecting 2 things with conjunctions to make sense

accordingly

as a result

synonyms: therefore, consequently, hence

additionally

in or by way of addition

synonym: furthermore, moreover, likewise, in addition, also, further

afterward

at a later or succeeding time

synonym: subsequently, thereafter

albeit

even though

synonym: although

although

in spite of the fact that: even though—used when making a statement that differs from a statement you have just made

synonyms: albeit

besides

in addition to what has been said

moreover, furthermore

consequently

as a result; in view of the foregoing

accordingly, therefore, hence

conversely

in a contrasting or opposite way—used to introduce a statement that contrasts with a previous statement or presents a different interpretation

even so

used to introduce a statement that is somehow different from what has just been said

even though

used as a stronger way to say “though” or “although”

further

in addition

moreover

furthermore

in addition what precedes; used to introduce a statement that adds to a previous one

besides

hence

because of a preceding fact; for this reason

therefore

henceforth

from this point on; starting now

however

in spite of that: on the other hand—used when you are saying something that contrasts with a previous statement

nevertheless, nonetheless, yet, still

in addition

as something more, used for adding info to a statement

besides, moreover, also, likewise, additionally, further

indeed

all things considered, as a matter of fact

lest

for fear that, an expression denoting fear or apprehension

likewise

in addition; also, used to introduce a statement that adds to the last

besides, moreover, additionally, further, in addition

meanwhile

at or during the same time; in the meantime

moreover

in addition to what has been said—used to introduce a statement that supports or adds to a previous statement

besides, further, additionally, in addition, likewise, also

nevertheless

in spite of that

nonetheless, yet, still, however

nonetheless

in spite of what has just been said

nevertheless, yet, still, however

notwithstanding

without being prevented by something; used to say that something is true even though there is something preventing that

otherwise

if not, or else

rather

more correctly speaking—used to introduce a statement that corrects what you have just said 

still

in spite of that—used to say that something happens or is true even though there is something that might prevent it from happening or being true

nevertheless, nonetheless, yet

thereby

by that; by what means

therefore

for that reason; because of that

thereupon

immediately after that

FANBOY

for, and, nor, but. or, yet, so

coordinating conjunction

word, phrase, or clause used for joining two equal parts or independent clauses, usually use commas

two exceptions:

• compound predicate without comma

• if equal phrase like “jim but also pam”

subordinating conjunction

word or phrase used to connect a dependent clause to an independent clause

• are, after, although, because, before even though, since when (yin and yang, 3 roots, and since when)

• beginning: comma after

• middle: no comma

• end: no comma

exceptions -

• using although or though

• end: comma before

1 sub

after

2 sub

although

3 sub

as

4 sub

as if

5 sub

as long as

6 sub

as much as

7 sub

as soon as

8 sub

as though

9 sub

because

10 sub

before

11 sub

by the time

12 sub

even if

13 sub

even though

14 sub

if

15 sub

in case

16 sub

in order that

17 sub

in the event that

18 sub

lest

19 sub

now that

20 sub

once

21 sub

only

22 sub

only if

23 sub

provided that

24 sub

since

25 sub

so

26 sub

supposing

27 sub

than

28 sub

that

29 sub

though

30 sub

till

31 sub

unless

32 sub

until

33 sub

when

34 sub

whenever

35 sub

where

36 sub

whereas

37 sub

wherever

38 sub

whether or not

39 sub

while

adverb

word that can modify or describe a verb, adjective, or entire sentence

• describe how, when, where, to what extent

adverbs of time

already, ago, before, yet, never, yesterday, soon, lately

adverbs of frequency

always, usually, normally, often, sometimes, occasionally, once

adverbs of place

here, everywhere, near, nearby, down, away, backwards, upwards

adverbs of manner

so, slowly, badly, beautifully, delightfully, loudly

adverbs of degree

almost, fully, rather, quiet, too, enough, perfectly

adverbs of affirmations

certainly, surely, apparently, obviously, undoubtedly

conjunctive adverbs

also known as linking adverbs, connect two independent clauses by turning the second into an adverbial modifier of the first

• have to put comma after conjunctive adverb