MMA 211 QUIZ 2

COMMUNICATION MODELS

Diagrams that help us understand how to communicate effectively

LINEAR MODEL

 

One Way Process

ARISTOTELIAN MODEL

Oldest Communication Model

Perspective of Public Speaking

Speaker - speech - audience - occasion - effect

Aristotelian model

LASSWELL’S MODEL

By Harold Lasswell in 1948

Changes in the model are reflected in the effect

COMMUNICATOR - MESSAGE - MEDIUM - RECEIVER - EFFECT

Lasswell model

SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL

By Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver

How communication worked through radio and telephone

INTERACTIVE MODEL

Two-way Process

OSGOOD-SCHRAMM MODEL

Introduced the concept of feedback

Encoder - message - decoder - feedback (loop)

Osgood - schramm model

TRANSACTIONAL MODELS

Emphasizes simultaneous sending and receiving messages

Communicator build shared meanings

DANCE HELICAL MODEL

By Frank Dance in 1967

Cyclical Process that gets more and more complex

🌪⬆

Dance helical model

SEMIOTICS

meaning sign

Study of sign and their use and interpretation

Meaning-making; not what it meant but how it was created

SAUSSURE’S SEMIOLOGY

• By Ferdinand De Saussure

SIGNS

• Basic Physical vehicle meaning in a language

• ELEMENTS

SIGNIFIER

Physical element(word, image/sound)

SIGNIFIED

Mental concept invoked by a physical sign

PIERCE’S SEMIOLOGY

• Rejected the duality of Saussure’s semiology

• Proposed triadic model

• SIGN

1. Representamen ( signifier)

2. Interpretant (signified)

3. Object (The Referent)

SYMBOL

• Represents the objects or concept

• “Agreed meaning”

ICON

• Physical Resemblance to the object it signifies but not the object itself

INDEX

• Indirect Connection to the object it signifies

BARTHES’ SEMIOTICS

• By Roland Barthes

• 2 CORE PRINCIPLES IN CREATION OF SIGNS:

1. Sign is a combination of its signifier and signified

2. Sign does not stand on it own, its part of a system

CONNOTATION

• ”Second order of signification

• Associated meaning that may be conjured up by the object signified

MYTH

• “Third order signification”

• Represent the dominant ideology regarding signified object

• Signs transition into myths when their connotations become “naturalized”

COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION(CMC)

• Cues Filtered Out

SOCIAL INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORY (SIPT)

• By Joseph Walther

• Response to the “cues filtered out”

• Parties first gain information about each other and use that to form impression and interpersonal relationships

VERBAL CUES

• Verbal and nonverbal cues can be used interchangeably

• Humans are creative communicators and able to use text channels to convey

EXTENDED TIME

Length of time CMC user have to send their messages is the key factor that their text messages can achieve the level of intimacy that is developed face to face

ANTICIPATED FUTURE INTERACTION

• A way of extending psychological time

• The likelihood of future interaction motivates CMC users to develop a relationship.

CHRONEMICS

• The study of people's systematic handling of time in their interaction with others

• The only non-verbal cue not filtered out by CMC

SIPT IN NEW MEDIA

• Inclusion of Photo and Video media

• Ability to create personal profiles and include personal information

USES AND GRATIFICATIONS

It explains how we derive different meanings and interpretations from various media we consume

FEATURES OF MASS MEDIA

• Production and distribution of information and culture

• Control is mainly by self regulation, with limits set by society

• Boundaries are uncertain

• Free and in principle independent of political and economic power

ROLES OF MEDIA FOR AUTHORS

• Increased opportunities online but success is dependent on

1. Significance and location

2. Degree and kind of public attention received

ROLES OF MEDIA FOR PUBLISHERS

• Opens alternative forms of publication

• Traditional publication functions of gatekeeping, editorial intervention and validation of authorship are only present in some areas of the internet

ROLES OF MEDIA FOR AUDIENCES

• Greater autonomy and equality to sources and suppliers

• Active from receiving messages to searching, consulting and interacting personally

• Nede gatekeeping and editorial guidance when consuming media content

POWER AND INEQUALITY

• Does not flow in a predominantly centralized pattern of society

• Government and law does not control the internet

SOCIAL INTEGRATION AND IDENTITY

• Has the power to unite or divide its users

• Bridges the widening gap between public and private lives ; results in modernization

SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT

• New media is better to produce change as it is more participatory and rich in information 

• Problem ; Continuing material barriers to access

SPACE AND TIME

• Structured around national and linguistic boundaries

• Time taken to send and receive messages is the only improve in regards to time