A&P II Exam 3 - Ch 19.1-19.4

Respiratory System with Dr. Pernici @ LaTech

what does the respiratory system consist of?

passages that filter, moisten, and warm incoming air and transport it into the body, lungs, and the many microscopic air sacs where gases are exchanged

what does the respiratory system do other than circulate oxygen?

produced vocal sounds, helps with sense of smell, and helps regulate blood pH

respiration

process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells

external respiration

ventilation / breathing; allows gas exchange in the lungs

internal respiration

gas transport in blood and exchange with body cells

cellular respiration

process of ATP production in mitochondria, which uses oxygen to harness energy and gives off carbon dioxide

what events does respiration consist of?

external, internal, and cellular respiration

what subdivisions can the organs of the respiratory system be divided into?

the upper and lower respiratory tracts

what organs are included in the upper respiratory tract?

nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx

what organs are included in the lower respiratory tract?

trachea, bronchial tree, lungs

describe the structure of the nose.

covered with skin and supported by muscle, bone, and cartilage. two nostrils which allow air to enter and leave nasal cavity. has internal hairs that prevent large particles from entering

nasal septum

divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions

nasal conchae (turbinate bones)

structures in the nasal cavity that curl in from the lateral walls, forming passageways called meatuses

meatuses

passageways created from nasal conchae

where are olfactory receptors located?

in the upper portion of the nasal cavity

what lines the nasal cavity?

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium / mucous membrane

what is embedded in the pseudostratified ciliated epithelium of the nasal cavity?

goblet cells

what do goblet cells secrete?

mucus

what is the purpose of nasal mucus?

traps dust and pathogens. warms, moistens, and filters incoming air

what is the purpose of the cilia in the nasal cavity?

they sweep the mucus toward the pharynx, where it is swallowed

sinuses

air-filled spaces in the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones of the skull

name the sinuses of the skull

maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid

what is the purpose of sinuses?

resonate voice and reduce the weight of the skull

sinusitis

causes sinus pressure and headache. may result in blockage of sinus drainage from allergic reaction

what does smoking do to cilia?

slows and eventually paralyzes them

smoker’s cough

cilia no longer function, excess mucus is produced, and mucus must be coughed up

what does smoker’s cough lead to?

chronic bronchitis

chronic bronchitis

bronchial thickening, resulting in difficulty with expiration

pharynx

passageway for food from oral cavity to the esophagus and passageway for air between the nasal cavity and larynx. aids in producing sound for speech

what is the pharynx divided into?

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

what is the difference between ventilation and respiration?

respiration is the exchanging of gases between the atmosphere and bodily cells, while ventilation is the breathing of air in and out of the body

what types of cartilage is included in the larynx?

thyroid, cricoid, epiglottic, arytenoid & corniculate, cuneiform

what part of the larynx is formed by thyroid cartilage?

adam’s apple

thyroid cartilage of the larynx

shieldlike structure

cricoid cartilage of the larynx

marks the lowermost portion of the larynx

epiglottic cartilage of the larynx

central part of the epiglottis, keeps food and liquid from entering air passages

arytenoid & corniculate cartilage of the larynx

attachments for muscles regulating tension on vocal cords and close larynx during swallowing

cuneiform cartilage of the larynx

between epiglottic and the arytenoid, stiffens soft tissues

true vocal cords

lower folds of the larynx that produced vocal sounds by forcing air between the folds, vibrating them

false vocal cords

upper (vestibular) folds that do not produce vocal sound. they protect the airway and help it close during swallowing

the larynx contains ___ pairs of horizontal ___________ composed of muscle and connective tissue

2, vocal folds

what is pitch of voice controlled by?

contracting/relaxing laryngeal muscles, changing the tension

what is intensity of voice controlled by?

the force of air passing over vocal cords

glottis

the true vocal cords and the opening between them

vocal cords are ______________ during normal breathing

relaxed

epiglottis

small, flexible cartilage flap in front of the larynx & vocal cords that closes over the windpipe when swallowing

what lines the trachea?

ciliated mucous membrane and goblet cells

what does a blocked trachea lead to

asphyxiation

tracheotomy

a procedure that cuts an opening in the trachea to insert a tube for air exchange. done, for example, if an object is lodged in the larynx or trachea

list all the branches of the bronchial tree.

right/left main (primary bronchi, lobar (secondary) bronchi, segmental (tertiary bronchi), intralobular bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

right and left main (primary) bronchi

branch from the trachea, each leading to a lung

lobar (secondary) bronchi

branch from the main bronchi. 2 on the left, 3 on the right

segmental (tertiary) bronchi

each enters a segment. 8 on the left, 10 on the right

intralobular bronchioles

each enters a lobule

how many terminal bronchioles are in each lobule?

40-80

respiratory bronchioles

first structures to conduct gas exchange, alveoli bud from the sides of their walls

alveolar ducts

branches of respiratory bronchioles

alveolar sacs

outpouchings of alveolar ducts

alveoli

microscopic air sacs that perform gas exchange. open into sacs

what does the main bronchi have instead of C-shaped rings?

cartilaginous plates

describe the structure of respiratory tubes.

main bronchi branch from the trachea. as they continue to branch, they become narrower, decreasing the amount of cartilage. the cartilage eventually disappears when we reach the bronchioles, which allows changes in diameter of the bronchioles. smooth muscle becomes prominent, but eventually diminishes from bronchioles to alveolar ducts, where it disappears. as the respiratory tubes become thinner, epithelium changes.

what type of epithelium is in larger tubes of the respiratory system?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

what type of epithelium is in respiratory bronchioles?

simple cuboidal epithelium

what type of epithelium is in alveoli?

simple squamous epithelium

what is bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction?

changes in diameter of the bronchioles

describe how alveoli work.

O2 diffuses through alveolar, then capillary walls to enter the blood. CO2 then diffuses from the blood to the alveoli

TRUE OR FALSE: branches of the respiratory system perform gas exchange.

false

ventilation

movement from air from outside of the body into the bronchial tree and alveoli

inspiration

inhalation

expiration

exhalation

what does one respiratory cycle consist of?

one inspiration + the following expiration

what moves air into the lungs?

atmospheric pressure

what is the role of atmospheric pressure upon inspiration?

forces air into the lungs

when are atmospheric and alveolar pressure equal?

when respiratory muscles are at rest

Boyle’s Law

pressure and volume of gases are inversely proportional

what is the role of intra-alveolar pressure in inspiration?

once pressure inside the alveoli decreases, atmospheric pressure pushes air into the airways

during normal, resting inspiration, how do the diaphragm and intercostal muscles move?

to enlarge the size of the thoracic cavity

what is the role of surfactant in inspiration?

reduces surface tension in the alveoli, aiding in lung expansion

what is the role of surface tension in the pleural cavity?

aids in lung expansion

what muscles expand the lungs during normal, resting inspiration?

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

what muscles expand the lungs during maximal, deep inspiration?

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles IN ADDITION TO pectoralis minors, sternocleidomastoids, scalenes

does expiration require the contraction of muscles?

normal, resting: no

maximal, forced: yes

how does normal, resting expiration occur?

elastic recoil of the lung tissues and abdominal organs occurs, returning tissues to their original shape ad expelling air. surface tension develops on the moist surfaces of the alveolar linings, shrinking alveoli

how do thoracic and abdominal wall muscles aid in expiration?

when contracted, internal intercostal and abdominal muscles create pressure that forces the diaphragm into a higher position, pushing more air out of the lungs during maximal, forced expiration

tidal volume

amount of air entering/leaving during the respiratory cycle (500 mL)

inspiratory reserve volume

amount of air + tidal volume entering lungs during forced maximal inspiration (3000 mL)

expiratory reserve volume

amount of air + tidal volume leaving lungs during maximal expiration (1100 mL)

residual volume

amount of air in the lungs after forceful expiration (1200 mL)

vital capacity

inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume

inspiratory capacity

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

functional residual volume

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

total lung capacity

vital capacity + residual volume

anatomic dead space

amount of air not reaching alveoli

minute alveolar ventilation

amount of new atmospheric air moved into respiratory passages each minute (tidal volume x breathing rate)

alveolar ventilation rate

volume of new air reaching alveoli and is available for gas exchange (tidal volume - dead space x breathing rate)

coughing mechanism

deep breath taken, glottis closes. air forced against glottis, opening it and blasting air upwards

sneezing mechanism

deep breath taken, glottis closes. air forced against glottis, opening it and blasting air upwards. air is directed into the nasal cavity by depressing the uvula

laughing mechanism

deep breath released in a series of short expirations

crying mechanism

deep breath released in a series of short expirations

hiccupping mechanism

diaphragm contracts spasmodically while glottis is closed