Apes study locked in

Primary oil recovery involves

pumping out the oil that flows by gravity into the bottom of the well

Secondary oil recovery

is a method used to extract additional oil from a reservoir after primary recovery has occurred, typically involving techniques like water flooding.

Tertiary oil recovery

is the method of extracting oil after primary and secondary recovery, often utilizing enhanced oil recovery techniques such as gas injection or thermal recovery to increase pressure and improve yield.

What is 1-8

1;reactor vessel or pressure vessel

2: reactor core

3: containment building

4:heat exchanger (condenser)

5: control rods

6: steam generator

7: turbine

8: Cooling tower

Which of the following statements is false? (mark all that apply)

-Pesticide companies are NOT allowed to produce or export pesticides from the US that have banned by the EPA in the US

-FDA inspectors check half of domestic and imported food for pesticide contamination

The following is true

-The EPA is charged with the responsibility of determining if active ingredients in pesticides are carcinogenic

-The National Academy of Sciences says the federal laws regulating use of pesticides in the US are inadequate and poorly enforced

-The EPA carried out reviews of less than 10% of 600 chemicals it was charged with the responsibility for reevaluating.

It is assumed that most of the world’s remaining undiscovered deposits of oil are in

Middle east

Which of the following is statements is false?

The goal of integrated pest management is the eradication of the pest

These statements are true regarding pest management

-Integrated pest management involves multiple sampling of the pest population

-Integrated pest management can increase crop yields and reduce crop production costs

-Integrated pest management is a multidimensional control program

-In integrated pest management, small amounts of pesticides are used

Ozone which contributes to the formation of smog is found in the...

Troposphere

complex waxy mixture of hydrocarbon compounds that is the primary organic component of oil shale

kerogen

High-sulfur heavy oil found in tar sand is called

Bitumen

If the fuel pellets in spent fuel rods do not have the plutonium removed, how long must that high-level radioactive waste be stored before it is considered safe? The unit is years and DOES NOT need to be included

240,000

The fissionable fraction of the fuel in a nuclear reactor is…(give name and # not chemical formula. EX . Ogrenium 1712)

Uranium 235

A thermal inversion is caused by

a layer of cool air trapped in by a layer of warm air above it

The greatest use of oil in the United States is for

transportation

The ideal pesticide (mark all that apply)

-would kill only the target species

-would not be persistent

-would not leave room for genetic resistance

-would not harm beneficial species or the environment

-would cost less than the cost of damage by the target pest.

The effectiveness of the pollution prevention approach is best illustrated by the sharp drop in atmospheric..

Lead

Natural gas from wells consists of 50% to 90% (give name not chemical formula)

Methane

According to the EPA, above what picocurie level is radon considered unsafe in a closed home? (just the number the unit is in the question already)

4

Which of the choices below correctly organizes the stages of coal in order from highest to lowest heat content?

anthracite, bituminous, lignite, peat

Which of the following approaches would be the least beneficial in trying to reduce insect damage?

Planting monocultures

The most serious drawback to using chemicals to control pests is

genetic resistance

Fill in the order of the Earth’s atmosphere from bottom up with all 4 major zones mentioned in your text. Start closet to Earth

Bottom to top, Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere

The worlds’ most abundant conventional fossil fuel is…

Coal

If I go from a ph of 6 to a ph of 4 how much more acidic is the ph of 4?

100 times

At a pH of 5.0 what is the hydroxide ion concentration?

1 x 10^(-9) mol of hydroxide ion per liter of water

What is the natural ph of rainfall and why?

5.6 because water reacts with carbon dioxide to form carbonic acids

Which of the following substances is believed to be a major source of acid rain?  MARK ALL THAT APPLY

SO2 and NO2

In particular what kind of ecosystems are severely affected by acid deposition events?

 

Mountain Tops

What process removes nutrients such as K, Ca, and Mg as well as making some toxic metals readily available in water supplies?

Cation exchange

How does acid rain and some other air pollutants directly damage leaves?

They melt their waxy cuticles and clogs their stomas.

How does ozone damage building materials like bridges (or their paints), cars, and other support structures?

Chemically oxidizes them

Carbon Monoxide

is a colorless, odorless gas that can cause harmful health effects when inhaled. It is produced by burning fossil fuels and can lead to poisoning. effects the efficiency of blood’s oxygen capacity

What is this city suffering from

Nitrogen dioxide

Irreversible damage to air sacs or alveoli leading to abnormal dilation of air spaces, loss of lung elasticity and shortness of breath is called…?

Emphysema

Coal that both produces high heat and low sulfur content is…?

Anthracite

High heat high sulfur

Bituminous

Low heat low sulfur

Lignite

The process that removes sulfur from coal before it is burned is called?

Coal gasification

What kind of air scrubber is the following diagram?

Cyclone separator

The area in which we dump most of our air pollution is the

Troposphere

This is a Reddish-brown irritating gas that gives photochemical smog its brownish color; in the atmosphere it can also be converted in the atmosphere into an acid that is one of the major component of acid deposition, what is this substance? (If you use the chemical formula don't use subscripts instead just use numbers example C6H12O6)

Nitrogen dioxide

Suspended particles of salts, and carbon soot are examples of industrial smog often called?

Gray-air smog

CO, CO2, SO2, NO, and NO2, most hydrocarbons, and most suspended particles which are mixed vertically and horizontally in our atmosphere and then dispersed and diluted by churning before they react with other compounds are labeled as what general category?

Primary pollutants

Label layers A, B, and C in the following picture that represents a thermal inversion.  Just use the terms Cool and Warm

A cool

B warm

C cool

Which of the following are on EPA’s “four most dangerous indoor air pollutants “list”?  MARK ALL THAT APPLY

Tobacco smoke

Formaldehyde

very small particles

Radon-222

The term used to describe the condition of almost one in five commercial buildings in the United States when 20% of the occupants of a building suffer persistent symptoms such as dizziness, headaches, coughing, sneezing, nausea, burning eyes, chronic fatigue, and flu-like systems but only when there are inside such building is called……..

sick building syndrome

All of the following are advantages of biological control except that it

requires little research and development

Benefits of biological control include

focuses on selected target species

minimizes the development of genetic resistance

can become self-perpetuating, once established

is nontoxic to nontarget species

The pest management program that uses chemical, ecological, agricultural, and biological methods is called what? (USE THE FULL NAME, NO ABBREVIATIONS OR ACRONYMS)

Integrated pest management

The term used to describe the positive feedback loop concept of when more frequent doses of a pesticide must be used as well as stronger does and often new chemical usage is called what?

Pesticide treadmill

In biological magnification

Organisms at higher trophic levels have more concentrated levels of toxic substances

The usable amount of high-quality energy available from a given quantity of energy resources is known as ____________________ and is calculated as the total amount of available energy minus the energy needed to find, extract, process, and get that energy to the consumers.

net energy

What country is the largest exporter of crude oil reserve and has either the 2^nd largest reserve or largest reserve when considering extractability?

Saudi arabia

A new way to produce electricity that is considerably more efficient with fuel compared with coal, oil, and nuclear, is to burn natural gas in combustion turbines, which are essentially giant jet engines bolted to the ground.  Not only does the pressurized natural gas that is injected into the gas turbine spin and create electricity but the excess heat can be used to heat buildings or create steam that spins a second turbine for electricity.  They also produce much less carbon dioxide and smog-causing nitrogen oxides than other methods.  What is this new system called?

Combined-cycle natural gas systems

Natural gas supplies that lie above reserves of crude oil are called what?

Conventional natural gas deposit

When propane and butane are liquefied and removed to be stored in pressurized tanks for use mostly in rural areas not served by gas lines this type of fuel is called? (GIVE THE FULL NAME)

liquefied petroleum gas

What type of fuel is used to used generate the majority of U.S. electricity?

natural gas

What is the term for the initial cost plus life time operating costs of a device such as a heating system or appliance?

Life Cycle Cost

Although conventional battery-powered electric cars might help reduce dependence on oil and they themselves produce zero-emissions but if they are using coal or nuclear power plants to recharge their batteries they are indirectly producing air pollution and nuclear wastes that are called…

Elsewhere pollution

What type of solar heating system uses specially designed collectors to absorb solar energy and a fan or pump to distribute that energy for a building’s space-heating or water-heating needs?

active solar

What is the type of solar thermal system that uses a power tower and huge arrays of heliostats to track and focus sunlight on a central heat collection tower? (notice you can't use the term power tower as it is already in the question, I want the other name)

central receiver system (power tower)

Solar energy can be converted directly into electrical energy by what is commonly known as a _________________________, also known as photovoltaic cells that contains a transparent wafer thin semiconductor.

solar cell

What is the type of hydro-power plant can be used in any stream or river without altering its course or creating a reservoir?

small-scale hydropower project or micro-hydropower generator

Which of the following statements is false about using wind to produce energy? (MARK ALL THAT APPLY)

-In the U.S. Midwest, many farmers and ranchers have a "not in my backyard (NIMBY)” attitude about wind farms due to them being being unsightly and noisy which can lower their property values and potential incomes.

-An advantage of wind power is that even though the areas with the greatest wind power potential are often sparsely populated, and located far from energy-thirsty cities wind power can continue to use the existing energy grid to transport that electricity efficiently

-A wind farm can be built fairly quickly and expanded as needed, however has difficulty producing electricity at costs that are competitive with those of coal, natural gas, and hydropower

This is true about using wind to produce energy

Data indicates capturing only one-fifth of the wind energy at the world’s best sites could generate more than seven times the amount of electricity currently used in the world

The residue produced when sugarcane is crushed, yields 8 times the amount of energy used to produce it. That compares with a net energy yield of 4.1 for gasoline.  What is this residue called?

Bagasse

_______________can be made from sugar and grain crops by fermentation and distillation and has the possibility of being an alternative or additive to gasoline?

Ethanol

A good long term-solution to our energy needs is to use electricity generated by wind farms, large solar-cell farms, and hydroelectric and geothermal power plants to create hydrogen and to distribute it using upgraded natural gas pipelines.  What is going to be the largest chemical compound source of that hydrogen?

water

Wells are drilled into a __________________ can extract their dry steam, wet steam, or hot water, which are used to heat buildings, provide hot water, grow vegetables in greenhouses, raise fish in aquaculture ponds, and spin turbines to produce electricity. Cool water left over can be pumped back into the reservoirs to be reheated.

hydrothermal reservoirs

Lead

-Solid toxic metal and its compounds

-Emitted into the atmosphere as particulate matter

Found in;

-Paint (old houses)

-smelters (metal refineries) -lead manufacture,

- storage batteries

-leaded gasoline (being phased out in developed countries

-Accumulates in the body

-Causes brain/nervous/digestive system damage and mental retardation (esp. in children)

-Some lead-containing chemicals cause cancer in test animals

-Colorless, irritating -Forms mostly from the combustion of sulfur- containing fossil fuels, (coal and oil) (S + O2=SO2) -In the atmosphere can be converted to sulfuric acid (H2SO4), a major component of acid deposition.

88% coal burning in
power plants
-10% industrial
processes

-Breathing problems for healthy people
-Severe restriction of airways in people with asthma
-Chronic exposure can cause a permanent condition
similar to bronchitis
-WHO: at least 625 million people are exposed to
unsafe levels of sulfur dioxide from fossil fuel burning.

Corrodes metals leads to inability to see

sulfur dioxide

Suspended particulate matter

-Variety of particles and
droplets (aerosols) small &
light enough to remain
suspended in atmosphere for
short periods (large particles)
to long periods (small
particles)
-smoke, dust, and haze

-Nose and throat irritation
-Damages and irritates nose, throat, lungs
-Aggravates bronchitis and asthma
-Causes premature death
-Toxic particulates (such as lead, cadmium, PCB’s, and
dioxins) can cause mutations, reproductive problems
or cancer.

found in burning coal, diesel, and agriculture

Ozone…

-Highly reactive irritating gas
with an unpleasant odor
-Chemical reaction
with VOCs (emitted by
cars & industries) and
nitrogen oxides to form photochemical smog
-Breathing problems: coughing; eye, nose, and throat
irritation
-Aggravates asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and
heart disease
-Can damage plants
and trees
-Smog can reduce
visibility
-Damages rubber,

-Forms in the troposphere as
a major component of
photochemical smog
fabrics, and paints

Add 3 billion to 14 million. Express in Scientific notation rounded to 4 significant digits.  (use the format seen here to express scientific notation Ex. 3.4 x 10^64)

3.014 x 10^9

(5.2 x 10^4) minus (2.6 x 10^2) =   (using 4 significant digits expressed in scientific notation (use the format seen here to express scientific notation Ex. 3.4 x 10^64)

5.174 x 10^4

Express 2,360,000 in scientific notation.  (please use two decimal places and use the format seen here to express scientific notation Ex. 3.43 x 10^64)

2.36 x 10^6

Perform the following manipulations: (5.2 x 10^18) x (8.7 x 10^22) =   (please use one decimal place and use the format seen here to express scientific notation Ex. 3.4 x 10^64)

4.5 x 10^41

Perform the following manipulations: (8.7 x 10^3) / (4.2 x 10^9) =  (please use one decimal place and use the format seen here to express scientific notation Ex. 3.4 x 10^64)

2.1 x 10^-6

Match the correct information for common fraction, decimal, %, PPM, and PPB for argon content in our atmosphere. Argon makes up 0.93% of our atmosphere. CF = Common fraction Dec=Decimal %=Percent PPM=Parts per million PPB=Parts per billion

CF=93/10,000 Dec=0.0093 %=0.93 PPM=9,300 PPB=9,300,000

Match the correct information for common fraction, decimal, %, PPM, and PPB for Helium content in our atmosphere. Helium makes up 0.00052% of our atmosphere. CF = Common fraction Dec=Decimal %=Percent PPM=Parts per million PPB=Parts per billion

CF=52/10,000,000 Dec=0.0000052 %=0.00052 PPM=5.2 PPB=5,200

Acid shock that damages aquatic life is a result of acidic water and what element

Aluminium

Which of the following statements correctly describes the advantages and disadvantages of PV generated hydrogen

Advantages: can be easily stored and transported has flexible uses and is renewable

Disadvantages: we currently don’t have the infrastructure exists or distribution yet

Radon is found in

drinking water, building materials, the atmosphere

In the US which direction do windows face in a passive solar home design

south

Alternates to pesticides in agricultural processes

Polyvarietal crops, delayed planting, crop rotation, agroforestry, planting trap crops

Acid deposition would most likely be the result of

The release of aluminium ions from the soil

Which of the following would be the most likely effect of acid deposition on a northern forest

Decreased ability to withstand the cold

Indoor air pollutant is found in particle board paneling, plywood and carpeting

Formaldehyde

3 mile island is in

pennsylvania

In a micro hydroelectric dam where does the water re-enter the river

tail race

Common moderators in nuclear reactors

water and graphite

Adobe walls, flagstone floors, and salt treated timbers are used in what type of design

passive solar heating design

In buildings with asbestos leaks most critics will call for

sealing and wrapping of amphibole fibers in disturbed areas

PANs, O3, H2SO4, HNO3 are all examples of

secondary pollutants

The type of wind power that is not sensitive to wind direction but is not as common is

vertical axis wind turbine