Food as Medicine Final

exam 3

SOY, NUTS, SEEDS & MUSHROOM

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Isoflavones

phytoestrogens found in soy products

Lignan

phytoestrogens from grains (flax seed)

Phytochemical

a chemical that is found in plants

Phytoestrogens

plant compounds that hormone-like effects in the body

Soybeans contain...

bioactive compounds: isoflavones

Dietary intake of 25 g per day of soybean (as part of low saturated fat diet) is associated with...

modest reductions in total and LDL-C (bad cholesterol)

During digestion, soy proteins release...

bioactive peptides

Both soy fatty acids and soy fiber...

confer health benefits

Nearly all soybeans are processed...

for their oil

Margarine is a product made from...

soybean oil - salad dressings and mayonnaise are made with soybean oil

Edamame can be eaten as a snack or a main vegetable

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Meat alternatives (soy protein or tofu) are...

cholesterol-free and lower in fat than meat

Soy nuts are high in...

isoflavones

Tofu is made by \____ and Tempeh is made from \____

curdling soymilk; fermented soybean product

Epidemiological studies show that lower levels of breast cancer in China and Japan due to...

higher soybean consumption, when compared to Western countries

Reduced cancer risk may be due to ...

exposure to phytoestrogens early in life

Phytoestrogens mimic...

estrogen activity

Soy food consumers need to make sure...

their intake of iodine is adequate

Only compounds from microscopic fungi are on the market as antibiotics till now

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When fresh button mushrooms are deliberately exposed to midday sunlight for 15-120 minutes...

they generate significant amounts of vitamin D

Exposure to UV light for 15-20 seconds causes much higher levels of vitamin D portabella mushrooms than those not exposed

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Approximately 50% cultivated edible mushrooms contain...

functional "nutraceutical" or medicinal properties

Data for this functional food class are not as strong as...

those for other functional foods such as cruciferous vegetables

Mushroom advantages

- antioxidant activity

- anti-infective activity

- anticancer activity

- modulation of immune system

Higher-fat diets can be beneficial if healthy fats are consumed, while high-carb diets might contribute to...

negative health outcomes

Polyphenols are present...

mostly in the outer layers of seeds and many are heat-labile

Tree nuts include:

almonds, walnuts, hazelnuts, and pistachios

Peanuts include:

botanically legumes

Almonds contain:

vitamin E, magnesium, potassium, and play a positive role in cardiovascular health

Brazil nuts contain:

antioxidants and selenium

Walnuts contain:

cardioprotective properties

Seeds have a low...

saturated fatty acid content

Flaxseed contains fiber, which generally helps with constipation. However...

there's little research on the effectiveness of flaxseed for constipation

Flaxseed lowered cholesterol only in people with...

relatively high initial cholesterol levels

Naringenin

a polyphenol commonly found in cherry tomatoes

Phytates are in whole grains and are not toxic

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Ackee fruit is a potential...

hazard to health

PHYTOCHEMICALS & ANTIOXIDANTS

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Some phytochemicals have profound effects on the body through actions such as...

- acting as antioxidants

- mimicking hormones

- altering blood constituents in ways that may protect against some diseases

Vitamin C + Iron \=

triple your iron absorption

Vitamin D + Calcium \=

65% more calcium absorption

Antioxidants + Phytochemicals \=

kill cancer cells

Carotenoids + Fats \=

absorb fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K

Curcumin

turmeric and mustard

Phytoestrogens

soy and flax

Phytochemicals act as an antioxidant

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The benefits of taking high doses of vitamin E remain to be established

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There is no convincing evidence that taking supplements of vitamin C prevents any disease

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Beta-carotene is a precursor for Vitamin A

Lycopene is a carotenoid present in...

tomatoes and watermelon

Darker greens \=

more beta-carotene

Researchers caution against consuming large amounts of phytoestrogens. They are not a replacement treatment for...

osteoporosis, heart disease, or high cholesterol

Phytosterols resemble\_________ and compete with \______

cholesterol in structure; cholesterol for absorption - their presence reduces cholesterol absorption and helps lower blood cholesterol levels

Humans cannot synthesize phytosterols

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2 classes of phytosterols:

plant sterols and plant stanols

Typical Western diet today is....

relatively low in phytosterols

Daily consumption of phytosterols can...

significantly lower LDL- cholesterol

An average phytosterol intake of 2 g/day lowers LDL-cholesterol

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Plant sterols and stanols are incorporated into...

fat-containing foods

Phytosterols added to\_______; more effectively reduced \_______ compared to \________

fat spreads, mayo, salad dressings, milk, or yogurt; LDL-cholesterol concentrations; phytosterols incorporated into chocolate, orange juice, cheese, meats, and cereal bars

Sulfur-containing phytochemicals:

indoles, isothiocyanates, and alliums

Chopping or chewing raw cruciferous vegetables results in....

bioactive compounds also generated by gut bacteria with ingestion of cooked cruciferous vegetables

Consumption of high amounts of cruciferous vegetables has been associated with...

increased thyroid cancer risk only in iodine-deficient areas

Broccoli stimulates...

activity of enzymes that detoxify carcinogens

Discarded parts of certain vegetables are...

more potent at blocking abnormal angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is a normal process in humans

it is the formation and differentiation of blood vessels

Broccoli stalks and carrot greens, which are usually discarded...

are twice as potent against abnormal angiogenesis than broccoli florets and carrot roots

Garlic contains sulphur compounds

not present in intact cells; when ruptured, becomes volatile

There is no evidence that raspberry ketones support weight loss in humans

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Plant polyphenols are plant non-nutrient natural products responsible for...

the aroma, color, antioxidant properties of the fruit, vegetables, seeds and nuts

Reducing agents are referred to as...

antioxidant

Quercetin sources:

onions, scallions, and kale

High dose consumption of green tea based dietary supplement could lead to...

liver dysfunction

Curcumin is a \____; green tea is believed to be richer in \_____; \_____ are abundant in olive oil

polyphenol; polyphenols; polyphenolic compounds

Must abundant flavonoids in red blue colored berries, black soybeans, and red cabbage

anthocyanins

MOLECULAR & BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN FOODS: FOOD BIOTECHNOLOGY

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Genetic engineering

manipulation, modification, and recombination

Fear is generated by misinformation!!!

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There are no fish genes in tomatoes, and if there were, the tomatoes would have to be so labeled according to existing regulations

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Almost every fruit, vegetable, or crop grown today has been in some way genetically modified!!!

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Some almond trees developed a mutation so that they lacked...

the cyanide-producing chemicals

Broccoli is a result of the...

selective breeding of wild cabbage plants

Older techniques of genetic engineering

conventional crossbreeding (require several generations to achieve particular trait); now there are shortcuts.

Scientists can take a gene from one living thing and put it directly into another plant or animal. That way...

changes can be made more precisely in a much shorter time period

Bt insecticides are considered...

"natural insecticides"

GM corn is not considered organic

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GE Foods & GMO Foods

Genetic engineered & genetically modified organisms

Seedless watermelons are not...

GMOs

Ingredients derived from genetically modified corn, soy, sugar beets and canola are used in a wide variety of foods including...

cereal, corn chips, veggie burgers and more

New techniques have created crops that are...

pest-proof, disease resistant, and more nutritious

FDA determined that food from AquAdvantage Salmon is as safe to eat and as nutritious as food from...

other non-GE Atlantic salmon

MYTH: GMOs contribute to the cause of certain...

life-threatening illnesses and food allergies

MYTH: GMOs are not thoroughly...

tested before being commercially available

MYTH: GMOs are nutritionally inferior to their...

non-GMO counterparts