AP United States History: Chapter 12 - Sol Bosio

Hudson River School

The first great school of American painters emerged in New York. Frederic Church, Thomas Cole, Thomas Doughty, and Asher Durand - known as the Hudson River School - painted pictures of the largely unsettled Hudson Valley. They felt that American held more hope than Europe because it had more unsettled, natural land which, they believed, was the best source of wisdom and spiritual fulfillment.

Walt Whitman

The self-proclaimed poet of American democracy, and son of a Long Island carpenter and lived for many years doing odd jobs. Published Leaves of Grass - poems were unrestrained celebration of democracy, liberty of individual, and pleasures of spirit and flesh. He was a homosexual living in an unforgiving society.

Sir Walter Scott

The most popular novelist in America was a British writer whose swashbuckling historical novels, with medieval knights, set in 18th century set in England and Scotland.

James Fenimore Cooper

The first great American novelist. Author of over 30 novels in the space of three decades - known to his contemporaries as a master of adventure and suspense. Known especially for his evocation of the American wilderness. They grew up in central New York - fascinated by dangers of westward expansion and relationship between man and nature. Known for Leatherstocking Tales[central character Natty Bumppo] - most important novels which included The Last of the Mohicans and The Deerslayer (Indians, pioneers, violence, and the law). Efforts show 19th century effort to produce American Literature.

Edgar Allen Poe

Bleak southern writer who embraced the essence of the human spirit. Died at age 40. He produced stories and poems that were primarily sad and macabre. His first book was Tamerlane and Other Poems. Most famous creation was The Raven. Evoked images of individuals rising above the narrow confines of intellect.

Herman Melville

Born in New York, he ran away to sea as a youth and spent years sailing the world before returning home to become the greatest American novelist of his era. He wrote Moby Dick. The great quest of Ahab was his own annihilation, reflecting his conviction that the human spirit was a troubled, often self destructive force.

Transcendentalists

Group of New England writers and philosophers. Embraced German philosophies and theory of the individual that rested on a distinction between what they called reason and understanding. Transcend limits of intellect to soul to create an original relation to the universe. Emerged first in Concord, Massachusetts, led by Ralph Waldo Emerson.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Leader of the Transcendentalist movement who was also a unitarian minister in his youth. He left the church to focus on his writing. He was the most important intellect of his age. He was renowned for work called Nature - people should work for communion with natural world. He was a committed nationalist and proponent of American cultural independence. Spoke famous lecture called The American Scholar - boasted huge capabilities of Americans.

Henry David Thoreau

Leading Concord Transcendentalist. Said people should resist conformity to seek self-realization. His most famous book "Walden" demonstrated his effort to free himself. He built a small cabin in the Concord woods on the edge of Walden Pond. He believed in living simply and hated the modernistic symbol of the railroad. He also rejected rules of society - went to jail rather than paying a poll tax . He would not give financial support to a government who supported slavery. Wrote essay titled "Resistance to Civil Government" which highlighted idea of civil disobediance.

Resistance to Civil Government

After refusing to pay a poll tax to a government which supported slavery, Henry David Thoreau wrote this essay explaining that individual's personal values is first and governments which force them to violate these morals have no power. Emphasizes "Civil disobedience" and "Passive Resistance."

Brook Farm

Boston Transcendentalist, George Ripley created the communal living of ______ in West Roxbury, Massachusetts. Individuals gathered to create a new form of social organization, giving everyone a chance at self-realization. It ended after tension between individual meaning and communal living and eventually burnt down completely.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

One of the original residents of Brook Farm who didn't like it. He wrote "the Blithedale Romance" and wrote scathingly against Brook Farm. The wrote "The Scarlet Letter," "The House of Seven Gables," writing against the price of paying for cutting oneself off from society.

Charles Fourier

French philosopher whose ideas of socialist communities organized as cooperative "phalanxes" received wide attention in America.

Robert Owen

Scottish industrialist and philanthropist who founded an experimental community in Indiana named New Harmony. It was to be a "Village of Cooperation" in which every resident worked and lived in total equality. Experiment failed economically but led to other "Owenite" experiments.

Oneida Perfectionists

Residents of the 19th century Oneida Community in upstate New York by John Humphrey Noyes. They rejected traditional notions of family and marriage - everyone was married to everyone. It was a place where sexual interactions were open and women were managed to avoid unwanted child bearings. Broke traditional ideals of male lust and family structures.

Shakers

1770's by "Mother" Ann Lee; Utopian group that splintered from the Quakers; believed that they & all other churches had grown too interested in this world & neglectful of their afterlives; prohibited marriage and sexual relationships; practiced central idea of celibacy. Had religious ritual of shaking away sin.

Joseph Smith

Founder of mormonism in new york, this man was a young, energetic, but economically unsuccessful who moved through New England and the Northeast. Published Book of Mormon, after prophet who wrote it. Ideas were found in golden tablets in New York - revealed to him by an angel. Believed dark skinned people - native americans - were great sinners. He was arrested for treason against government and shot and killed by a mob while in jail.

Brigham Young

Joseph Smith's successor as leader of Mormon following who traveled across the desert and established a new community in Utah. There the last Mormons created a permanent settlement.

Charles Grandison Finney

An evangelistic Presbyterian minister who became the most influential revival leader of the 1820-1830s and believed Calvinist doctrines of predestination and human helplessness were destructive and obsolete. Spread ideas especially within New York.

Temperance

abstinence from alcoholic drink

Phrenology

Established by Orson and Lorenzo Fowler - argued that the shape of an individual's skull was an important indicator of his or her character and intelligence. Held that the brain was in fact a cluster of autonomous organs, each controlling some aspect of human thought or behavior.

Oliver Wendell Holmes

Boston essayist, poet, and physician who published his findings from a study of septicemia in children and concluded that the disease could be transmitted from one person to another. This discovery of contagion was solidified by Semmelweis's findings as well.

Horace Mann

The first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education and a great reformer for education, this man reorganized the Massachusetts school system - lengthed academic year, doubled teacher's salaries, enriched curriculum, and introduced new professional methods of teaching. Created first American state-supported teachers' college.

Benevolent Empire

A great network of charitable activities including the Perkins School for the Blind in Boston, the first such school in America. Emphasized the potential of the individual and in helping the handicapped. Supported belief that the blind and otherwise handicapped could be helped to discover inner strength and wisdom.

Asylum Movement

The creation of "asylums" for criminals and for the mentally ill. The movement advocated prison and hospital reform - hoped to curb abuses of old system and rehabilitate the inmates. Led by Dorothea Dix in Massachusetts, led national movement for reforming treatment of the mentally ill.

Seneca Falls

Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B Anthony organized a convention in New York to discuss the question of women's rights. They rejected division between men and women in spheres.

Declarations of Sentiments and Resolutions

The resolutions passed at the Woman's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls in 1848 calling for full equality, including the right to vote. The document spoke against the spheres in society as well. It was patterned on the Declaration of Independence.

Bloomer Costume

A short skirt with full length pantalettes which was an outfit introduced by actress Fanny Kemble and named after a great advocate of women's freedom. Feminists eventually dropped the outfit because they believed it distracted from their messages and wants.

American Colonization Society

A group of prominent white Virginians met and worked carefully to challenge slavery without challenging property rights or southern sensibilities. They proposed a gradual manumission of slaves with compensation to masters. The group would help move slaves new a new place to establish safely. Ultimately it was a negligible force.

William Lloyd Garrison

An assistant to New Jersey Quaker Benjamin Lundy who published the leading antislavery newspaper of the time (The Genius of Universal Emancipation) in Baltimore. He founded the newspaper the Liberator. He demanded immediate and full abolition of slavery. His harsh language attracted followers throughout the North and they founded the New England Antislavery Society and eventually the American Antislavery Society.

David Walker

A free black from Boston who published Walker's Appeal to the Colored Citizens. He argued that slaves were more American than Whites. He said slaves should kill or be killed.

Frederick Douglas

Born in Maryland, he was a slave who escaped to Massachusetts. He became an outspoken leader of antislavery sentiment and grew popular in England. He purchased his freedom and then founded an antislavery newspaper called the North Star in Rochester, New York. He created the infamous "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas." He demanded for full economic and social equality for African Americans.

Amistad Case

Portuguese slave hunters abducted a large group of Africans from Sierra Leone and shipped them to Havana, Cuba, a center for the slave trade. This abduction violated all of the treaties then in existence. Two Spanish plantation owners, Pedro Montes and Jose Ruiz, purchased 53 Africans and put them aboard the Cuban schooner Amistad to ship them to a Caribbean plantation.

Prigg vs. Pennsylvania

1842 - A slave had escaped from Maryland to Pennsylvania, where a federal agent captured him and returned him to his owner. Pennsylvania indicted the agent for kidnapping under the fugitive slave laws. The Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional for bounty hunters or anyone but the owner of an escaped slave to apprehend that slave, thus weakening the fugitive slave laws.

Liberty Party

A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848. The group offered the Kentucky Anti slavery leader James G. Birney as its presidential candidate.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery - novel promoting abolition and intensified sectional conflict.

Washington Temperance Society

Founded 1840, by six reformed alcoholics in Baltimore. Began to draw large crowds of workers, all confessed past sins and swore off liquor.

Eventually over one million sign a formal pledge to swear off hard liquor.

American Society for the Promotion of Temperance

A coordinating agency among various groups which attempted to use many of the techniques of revivalism in preaching abstinence. Came before the Washington Temperance Society.