Moore's Clinically Oriented Anatomy Chapter 1

Functional Human Gross Anatomy

examination of structures of the human body that can be seen without a microscope

Three Main Approaches to Anatomy

regional, systemic, and clinical (applied)

Regional (Topographical) Anatomy

-studies the structure and organization of the human body as major parts or segments (ex. head, neck, thorax, back, abdomen, pelvis/perineum, upper limb, lower limb)

-each part can be further subdivided into smaller areas and regions

-examines the arrangement and relationships of various systemic structures (ex. muscles, nerves, arteries, etc.)

-recognizes body organization by layers (ex. skin, subcutaneous tissue, deep fascia, muscles, skeleton, cavities w internal organs (viscera))

Surface Anatomy

-”study of regional anatomy”

-provides knowledge of what lies under the skin and what structures are perceptible to palpation at rest and in action

-helps to visualize structures that confer contour to the surface or are palpable beneath the surface as well as understanding surface landmarks for clinical examination to determine unusual/abnormal findings

Physical Examination

-clinical application of surface anatomy

-palpation

-observation

-listening

Radiographic and Sectional Imaging

-part of radiographic anatomy

-provides useful information about normal structures in living individuals, demonstrating the effect of muscle tone, body fluids and pressures, and gravity that cadaveric study does not

-diagnostic radiology: reveals the effects of trauma, pathology, and aging on normal structures

Endoscopic Techniques

-using a flexible fiber-optic device inserted into one of the body’s orifices or through a small surgical incision to examine internal structures and living anatomy

Prosections

-dissections for the demonstration of anatomical structures

Dissection

-you observe, palpate, move, and sequentially reveal parts of the body

-active involvement in the process

Systemic Anatomy

-”system”

-study of the body’s organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions

Integumentary System

-skin, its appendages (hair, nails, sweat glands), and the subcutaneous tissue beneath it

-extensive sensory organ

-body’s outer covering (integumentum)

Skeletal System

-osteology

-bones and cartilage that provide our basic shape and support for the body, and protects vital organs

-muscular system acts on it to produce movement

Articular System

-arthrology

-consists of joints and their associated ligaments that connect the bony parts of the skeletal system and provide the sites at which movements occur

Muscular System

-myology

-skeletal muscles that contract to move or position parts of the body (bones that articulate at joints) and smooth and cardiac muscle that propel, expel, or control the flow of fluids and contained substances

Nervous System

-neurology

-CNS (brain and spinal cord) and PNS (nerves and ganglia with their motor and sensory endings)

-controls and coordinates the functions of the organ systems; enables body to respond to activities within its environment

Circulatory System

-angiology

-consists of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems

• cardiovascular: cardiology; consists of heart and blood vessels that move blood through body, delivering O2, nutrients, and hormones and removing cell waste

• lymphatic: network of lymphatic vessels that withdraws excess tissue fluid (lymph) from the body’s intercellular (interstitial) fluid compartments, filters it through lymph nodes, and returns it to the bloodstream

-transports the body’s fluids

Digestive (Alimentary) System

-gastroenterology

-consists of digestive tract from the mouth to the anus, along with associated organs and glands that function in ingestion, mastication, deglutition, digestion, absorption of food, and elimination of solid waste

Respiratory System

-pulmonology

-air passes and lungs that supply oxygen to the blood for cellular respiration and eliminate carbon dioxide from it

-diaphragm and larynx control flow of air through the system

Urinary System

-urology

-consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

-filters blood and subsequently produces, transports, stores, and excretes urine

Reproductive (Genital) System

-gynecology, andrology

-gonads (ovaries and testes) that produce oocytes and sperm, the ducts that transport them, and the genitalia that enable their union

Endocrine System

-endocrinology

-specialized structures that secrete hormones, including discrete ductless endocrine glands, isolated and clustered cells of the gut and blood vessel walls, and specialized nerve endings

Hormones

-organic molecules carried by the circulatory system to effector cells around the body

Locomotor (Apparatus) System

-orthopedics

-combination of the passive skeletal and articular systems and active muscular system; these systems work together to create movement

Clinical Anatomy

-applied anatomy

-emphasizes aspects of bodily structure and function important in the practice of medicine dentistry, and allied health sciences

-emphasizes clinical application

-involves inverting or reversing the thought process typically followed when studying regional or systemic anatomy

Ex. The (insert here) nerve provides innervation to this area of skin. vs Numbness in this area indicates a lesion of which nerve?

Sex

-male or female

-assigned genetically

46 chromosomes XX or 46 chromosomes XY

-Klinefelter syndrome: 47 chromosomes (XXY)

-Jacob syndrome: 47 chromosomes (XYY)

Gender Identity

-individual’s intrinsic sense of their own gender

Gender Dysphoria

-significant distress an individual may under go due to a mismatch between their gender identity and genetic sex

Eponyms

-anatomicomedical terminology incorporating the names of people

Supine

lying on the back, face upward

Prone

lying on the abdomen, face downward

Sagittal Planes

-any vertical plane passing through the body parallel to the median plane

*paramedian plane: plane parallel and near to the median plane

Frontal Plane

-also called coronal plane

-vertical plane dividing body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse Planes

-horizontal planes dividing body into superior and inferior parts

-radiologists refer to this plane as transaxial, which gets shortened to axial plane

Longitudinal Sections

-lengthwise or parallel to the long axis of the body

-medial, sagittal, and frontal planes are the most common

Transverse Sections

-cross sections, slices of the body or its parts that are cut at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body or any of its parts

-the horizontal cuts of the body or its parts (except for the foot)

• because the long axis of the foot runs horizontally, a transverse section of the foot lies in the frontal plane

Oblique Sections

slices of the body or any of its parts that are not cut along the previously listed anatomical planes

Terms of Relationship and Comparison: Intermediate

-between a superficial and deep structure

Terms of Relationship and Comparison: Deep

-farther from the surface

Terms of Relationship and Comparison: Inferior

-nearer to the feet or tail region of the vertebral column (coccyx)

-caudal

Terms of Relationship and Comparison: Anterior

-nearer to the front

-ventral

Plantar vs Dorsal

-plantar: sole of the foot; inferior foot surface

-dorsal/dorsum: top of the foot; superior foot surface

Palmar vs Dorsal

-palmar: anterior part of the hand (in anatomical position)

-dorsal/dorsum: posterior part of the hand (in anatomical position)

Terms of Relationship and Comparison: Superior

-nearer to the vertex, the topmost point of the head (cranium)

-cranial

Terms of Relationship and Comparison: Dorsum

-usually refers to the superior aspect of any part that protrudes anteriorly from the body

Rostral

-often used instead of “anterior” to talk about the brain

-toward the rostrum (beak)

Medial

-closer to the midline of the body

Lateral

-father away from the midline of the body

Inferomedial

-nearer to the feet and median plane

-ex. anterior parts of the ribs

Superolateral

-nearer to eh head and farther from the median plane

Proximal

-nearer to the attachment of a limb or the central aspect of a linear structure

Distal

-farther from the attachment of a limb or the central aspect of a linear structure

Ipsilateral

-occurring on the same side of the body as another structure

Contralateral

-occurring on the opposite side of the body relative to another structure

Flexion and Extension

-generally occur in sagittal planes around a transverse axis

Flexion

-bending or deceasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body

Extension

-straightening or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body

-usually occurs in posterior direction (exception: knee joint)

Dorsiflexion

-flexion of the ankle upwards

Plantar Flexion

-flexion of the ankle downward (ex. standing on your toes)

Abduction and Adduction

-generally occur in a front plane

Abduction

-moving away from the median plane/side of the body

-abduction of the digits = spreading them apart

• moving other fingers away from the neutrally positioned 3rd finger

• moving toes away from neutrally positioned 2nd toe

-medial abduction = away movement from the neutral point that goes toward the median plane

-lateral abduction = away movement from the neutral point that goes outward from median plane

Adduction

-moving toward the median plane/side of the body

-adduction of the digits = bringing them together

• moving other fingers toward the neutrally positioned 3rd finger

• moving toes toward neutrally positioned 2nd toe

Thumb Abduction and Adduction

-occurs in sagittal plane

-the thumb is rotated 90 degrees relative to other digits

Thumb Flexion and Extension

-occurs in the frontal plane

-the thumb is rotated 90 relative to other digits

Lateral Flexion

-special forms of abduction for only the neck and trunk

-right and left lateral bending

Circumduction

-sequential flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction of a joint, or the reverse sequence, to create a circular motion at the distal end of the part that is moving

Rotation

-turning or revolving a part of the body around its longitudinal axis

Medial Rotation

-internal rotation

-brings the anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane

Lateral Rotation

-external rotation

takes anterior surface away from the median plane

Pronation

-rotates the radius medially so the palm of the hand faces posteriorly and the dorsum faces anteriorly

Supination

-rotating the radius laterally and uncrossing it from the ulna to bring the palm anteriorly and dorsum posteriorly

Eversion

-moves the sole of the foot away from the median plane, turning the sole of the foot laterally

-foot is dorsiflexed when it is fully everted

Pronation of the Foot

-combination of eversion and abduction that results in lowering the medial margin of the foot

Inversion

-moves the sole of the foot toward the median plane, facing the sole medially

-foot is plantarflexed when it is fully inverted

Supination of the Foot

-combination of inversion and adduction that results in raising the medial margin of the foot

Opposition

-movement by which the pad of the 1st digit (thumb) is brought to another digit pad

Reposition

-movement of the 1st digit from the position of opposition back to its anatomical position

Protrusion

-movement anteriorly (forward)

Retrusion

-movement posteriorly (backward)

Protraction

-anterolateral movement of the scapula along the thoracic wall causing the shoulder to move anteriorly

Retraction

-posteromedial movements of the scapula on the thoracic wall causing the shoulder to move posteriorly

Veins vs. Nerves

-veins demonstrate the greatest degree of anatomical variation and nerves the least

Clinically Significant Anatomical Variations and Birth Defects

-frequency of variation differs among human groups

-approximately 3% of newborns show one or more significant birth defects