PSYCH 253 10.2 Emotion P1
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66 Terms
Q: Why is defining emotion difficult in psychology?
A: Because there is no universally agreed-upon scientific definition.
Q: What is a common textbook definition of emotion?
A: A mental state including physiological, cognitive, situational, and behavioral components.
Q: Why is the common definition of emotion considered "terrible"?
A: Because it applies to almost any psychological state, not just emotions.
Q: Give an example of something that fits the emotion definition but isn't an emotion.
A: Thoughts, attitudes, or feeling sick.
Q: What makes emotion one of the hardest topics in psychology?
A: Lack of clear definition and scientific consensus.
Q: How old is the modern concept of "emotion"?
A: About 100 years old.
Q: What terms were historically used instead of "emotion"?
A: Passions, feelings, bodily sentiments, affections.
Q: Why don't historical terms map cleanly onto modern "emotion"?
A: They had different meanings and distinctions.
Q: How many "simple passions" did René Descartes propose?
A: 6
Q: How many passions did Thomas Hobbes propose?
30
Q: How many affects did Spinoza propose?
A: 40
Q: How many passions did John Locke propose?
A: 11
Q: How many "broad passions" did David Hume propose?
A: 10
Q: What are nominal kinds?
A: Categories created by language or culture.
Q: What are natural kinds?
A: Categories based on real properties in nature.
Q: What is the key difference between nominal and natural kinds?
A: Nominal = constructed; Natural = objectively real.
Q: Which theory treats categories as real biological entities?
A: Natural kind approach.
Q: Which theory treats categories as useful labels only?
A: Nominal kind approach.
Q: Which theory sees moral foundations as natural kinds?
A: Moral Foundations Theory.
Q: Which theory sees moral categories as nominal kinds?
A: Dyadic Theory of Morality.
Q: What does basic emotion theory propose?
A: There are a small number of universal, biologically hardwired emotions.
Q: What are the 6 basic emotions?
A: Happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, surprise.
Q: What is a universalist view of emotion?
A: All humans share the same basic emotional experiences.
Q: What happens physiologically in basic emotion theory?
A: Each emotion has a unique autonomic nervous system response.
Q: Are emotional experiences the same worldwide according to this theory?
Yes
Q: What else is tied to each basic emotion?
A: Specific facial expressions.
Q: What did Ekman's 1987 study test?
A: Cross-cultural recognition of facial expressions.
Q: What was the method used?
A: Participants matched faces to emotion labels.
Q: What did Ekman find?
A: High agreement across cultures.
Q: What did this support?
A: Universal basic emotions.
Q: Were results perfectly accurate?
nope, cultural display rules explains lower accuracy rates
What are display rules
A: Cultural norms about how emotions are expressed.
Q: Example of display rules: % of Americans linking nose wrinkle to disgust VS Japanese participants?
86% VS 60%
Q: Example of display rules: % of Americans linking smile to happiness VS sumatran participants?
95% vs 69%
Q: How did Ekman interpret these differences of display rules?
As suppression of the unique, preprogrammed universal reaction for basic emotions, not evidence against universality.
Q: What is an anchored response task?
A: Participants choose from given emotion labels.
Q: What is a free response task?
A: Participants generate their own labels.
Q: What happens to accuracy in free response tasks?
A: It drops significantly.
Q: % of people labeling fear correctly in free response?
A: ~26%
Q: What does this suggest?
A: Recognition may not be universal.
Q: Why are two-culture studies important?
A: They test true universality.
Q: What types of cultures should be compared?
A: Highly different or isolated cultures.
Q: Why are Western vs Eastern comparisons limited?
A: Cultures influence each other.
Q: Which two groups were compared in the Gendron Study?
A: Himba tribe vs Americans.
Q: Where are the Himba located?
A: Northwestern Namibia.
Q: Why were Himba chosen?
A: They are culturally isolated.
Q: What were the two tasks used?
A: Free sorting and free labeling.
Q: What was the independent variable (IV)?
A: Culture (Himba vs US).
Q: What was the dependent variable (DV)?
A: Sorting patterns and labels.
Q: Did participants sort faces into 6 basic emotions?
No
Q: Who showed more variation in sorting?
A: Himba participants.
Q: How did Himba participants label emotions?
A: Using behavior-based descriptions.
Q: What does this suggest about emotions?
A: Emotion categories may differ across cultures.
Q: Can display rules explain these results?
A: No—concepts themselves differ.
Q: What is the modular view of the brain?
A: Different brain regions have specific functions.
Q: What is the amygdala-fear hypothesis?
A: The amygdala is the brain's fear center.
Q: Why is the modular view criticized?
A: Brain functions are distributed, not isolated.
Q: What happens during emotional processing?
A: Multiple brain regions activate together.
Q: What does the triune brain theory propose?
A: Brain evolved in layers (reptilian, mammalian, primate).
Q: Is this theory still accepted?
A: No, but it still influences thinking.
Q: What is the biggest issue in emotion research?
A: Lack of clear definition.
Q: What are the two main classification approaches?
A: Nominal vs natural kinds.
Q: What is the core claim of basic emotion theory?
A: Emotions are universal and biologically hardwired.
Q: What weakens basic emotion theory?
A: Cultural differences and free-response results.
Q: What did the Himba study show?
A: Emotion perception is not universal.
Q: What is the modern view of the brain in emotion?
A: Distributed, not modular.
