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General characteristics of plants
Multicellular
Autotrophic
Cell wall made of cellulose
Store carbohydrates as starch
Cellular respiration
Autotrophic
Can produce their own food and energy through the process of photosynthesis
Classification of plants
Bryophytes
Tracheophytes
Bryophytes
Nonvascular plants
Tracheophytes
vascular plants
2 types of tracheophytes
gymnosperms and angiosperms
Gymnosperms
Cone-bearing plants
Angiosperms
flowering plants
2 types of angiosperms
monocots (one embryonic leaf) dicots (multiple embryonic leaf)
Taxonomy
Chloroplast -> anchoring roots -> vascular tissue -> seeds -> flowers
Problems faced by plants before evolution
(imagine a seaweed)
no body support
not able to absorb and conserve water
solutions to problems
Structure, support and protection
cell wall
gametangia
sporopollenin
Absorb and conserve water
roots
stomata
cutin (waxy covering)
seed coat
gametangia
A reproductive organ that houses and protects the gametes of a plant
sporopollenin
pollen or spore cell wall
plant growth
primary growth and secondary growth
Primary growth
Vertical growth
Growth by apical meristems, which lengthen stems and roots.
Secondary growth
Lateral growth
Growth by lateral meristems and/or intercalary meristems, which increases the girth of the plant
Types of roots
taproot: single, large, deep root
fibrous root: multiple, small and net-like
adventitious roots: roots above ground
Aerial roots: branching in air
Prop roots: grow out from the base of the stem
Function of roots
absorb nutrients
anchor plants
store food
structure of roots
Epidermis
Cortex
Stele
Endodermis
Epidermis
outer layer of skin
absorption
composed of root hair (increases surface area for better rate of absorption)
Cortex
ground tissues:
parenchyma
collenchyma
sclerenchyma
Stele
vascular cylinder (inside endodermis):
xylem
phloem
pericycle
Endoderm
layer surroudning the vascular cylinder
Casparian strip
ring of waxy material made of suberin lipid that prevents apoplast
Absorption
The transport of dissolved substances into cells.
types of lateral movement
symplast and apoplast
symplast
System of transport within a plant cytoplasm consisting of openings in cell walls called plasmodesmata
continuous system
osmosis
Plasmodesmata
Openings in cell walls of plants for the passage of materials from one cell to another.
apoplast
System of transport through intercellular space and cell wall
not a continuous system
use pressure for transportation
symbiotic relationship
close interaction between species in which one species lives in or on the other
mycorrhizal fungi
fungi that surround plant roots and help plants obtain water and minerals
Rizhobium bacteria
nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants
stem
supporting structure that connects roots and leaves and carries water and nutrients between them (function: support and transport)
vascular bundels
xylem and phloem
ground tissue
cortex and pith
Leaf
the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in plants
Structure: Epidermis - protection Cuticle - prevent water loss Guard cells - control stomata opening Palisade mesophyll - photosynthesis Spongy mesophyll - photosynthesis Veins - Carry water and nutrients
stomata
Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move
For transpiration and gas exchange
4 types of plant tissue
dermal, vascular, meristematic, ground
Parenchyma
Fundamental tissue composed of thin-walled living cells that function in photosynthesis and storage.
Collenchyma
type of ground tissue cell with a strong, flexible cell wall; helps support larger plants
Sclerenchyma
type of ground-tissue cell with an extremely thick, lignified cell wall that makes ground tissue tough and strong
Xylem
vascular tissue that carries water and minerals
transport only in upward direction
made of two types of cells: tracheid and vessel element
method: diffusion + transpirational pull + cohesion tension
Phloem
Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant
two-way flow
made of two types of cells: sieve tubes and companion cells
method: osmosis + translocation / pressure flow
Plant reproductive structures
pistil and stamen
Pistil
The female reproductive part of a flower
Stigma - capture pollen Style - tube that leads pollen down to ovary Ovary - contains ovules and embryo sacks
Stamen
the male reproductive organ of a flower
Anther - pollen Filament - tube attached to the anther
Sepal
outermost leaf of the flower
petal
A colorful, leaflike structure of some flowers that attracts pollinators
asexual reproduction in plants
Grafting
Cutting
Bulbs
Runners
sexual reproduction in plants
pollination and fertilization
pollination
Pollen(2 haploid nuclei: 1 tube and 2 sperms) + egg
Pollen grain germinates → forms pollen tube
Fertilize egg → embryo
Fertilize polar bodies → cotyledon
seed
The plant structure that contains a young plant inside a protective covering
structure of plant seed
seed coat
embryo
cotyledon / endosperm
3 parts of plant embryo
Hypocotyl (root and stem)
Epicotyl (shoot / upper stem)
Radicle (embryonic / baby roots)
alternation of generations
A life cycle in which there is both haploid(gametophyte) and diploid(sporophyte) form
Alternation of generation in bryophytes (mosses)
Gametophyte dominant
Alternation of generation in fern and seed bearing plants
Sporophyte dominant
types of seed bearing plants
gymnosperm and angiosperm
Tropism
A growth response of a plant toward(positive) or away(negative) from a stimulus
Thigmotropism
A growth response to touch
Geotropism/Gravitropism
response of a plant to the force of gravity
Phototropism
A growth response to light
Hydrotropism
a plants growth response to water
tropism is caused by hormones
Auxin (promote growth and elongation)
Cytokinins (promote cytokinesis -> cell division)
Gibberellins (stem and leaf elongation)
Abscisic acid (inhibits growth)
Ethylene (ripening of fruits)