Biology Finals

Robert Hooke

named cells; was looking at cork cells

Theodor Schwann

“all animals are made of cells” contributed to cell theory

Lynn Margulis

endosymbiotic theory of how mitochondria and chloroplast developed

Rudolph Virchow

“all cells come from pre-existing cells” contributed to cell theory

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

1st to see living organisms in water

Matthias Schleiden

“all plants are made of cells” contributed to cell theory

Watson and Crick

discovered structure of DNA using Rosalind Franklinds x-rays

meniscus

Where is the level of fluid in a cylinder read?

energy of activation

What is the amount of energy required to start a reaction called?

enzymes

What type of molecule lowers this energy to make reactions go faster?

Osmosis

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Diffusion

net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Active Transport

energy requiring process by which substances move across the plasma membrane against a concentration gradient

Mutualism

symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit

Predation

act of one organism feeding on another organism

Commensalism

symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is neither helped nor harmed

Parasitism

symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of another organism

Carnivore

heterotroph that preys on other heterotrophs

Herbivore

heterotroph that only eats plants

Producer

makes their own food

Consumer

eats other organisms to obtain energy

Pasteurization

heating foods just enough to kill bacteria before packaging and selling

Genetics

science of heredity

Biology

science of life; examines how living things interact, how systems function, and how they function at molecular level

Plasmid

any of the small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules that can be used as a vector

Enzyme

protein that speeds up a biological reaction by lowering the activation energy needed to start the reaction

Homeostasis

regulation of an organisms internal environment to maintain

Natural Selection

theory of evolution developed by Darwin, based on four ideas: excess reproduction, variations, inheritance, and the advantages of specific traits in the environment

Scientific Theory

explanation of a natural phenomenon based on many observations and investigations over time

Fossils

preserved evidence of an organisms, often found in sedimentary rock that provides evidence of the past

Vaccine

a substance introduced to the body, to stimulate an immune response to a pathogen

Dependent Variable

what’s being measured in the experiment; results

Independent Variable

the factor that can be changed or tested in the experiment

an if-then statement, written before the experiment, that predicts the outcome

What is a hypothesis?

Control Group

one that doesn’t receive the factor being tested

Constant

the factor that remains fixed in an experiment while other variables change

Neutrons

negatively charged particles in nucleus of an atom

Protons

positively charged particles in an atom

carbon

All organic compounds contain what?\`

enzymes

What are proteins made of?

cell

What are the smallest units of life?

sugars

Carbohydrates are also known as what?

sub-atomic particles

Atoms are composed of

the volume increases faster than the surface area, and the cell can’t bring in nutrients & get rid of waste fast enough to keep cell alive

Why is it important to limit the size of a cell?

electrons are shared in a covalent bond and stolen or lost in an ionic bond

What is the difference between a covalent bond and an ionic bond?

Biotic

living

Abiotic

non-living

a niche is the role the organism plays in its environment while the habitat is where is lives

What’s the difference between a niche and habitat?