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what is migration?
movement of people across a specified boundary, national or international, to establish a new permanent place of residency
type of migration: primitve
response to environmental conditions
type of migration: forced
compulsory transfer of a group fo people, usually by government
type of migration: impelled
similar to forced but they get to decide to move or not
type of migration: free
individual movements for economic betterment
type of migration: mass
large numbers, entire communities moving without being fully informed on an individual basis of what to expect
innovative migration
immigrant undertakes a new way of life
conservative migration
move preserves an accustomed way of life in new surroundings
what is a region?
area of land that has common features that can be identifies by dialect, language, religion, industry or boundaries.
features can also be natural as climate/landscape
internal migration (domestic)
human migration within a country
inter-regional migration
movement from one region to a new region
intra-regional migration
migration within a region
Lee’s push-pull theory
The Lee migration model illustrates the push and pull factors, why a migrant might decide to leave one country and travel to another.
push factors in Lee’s migration model
human factors: not enough jobs, few opportunities, political fear, slavery, poor medical care, loss of wealth, lack of freedom, pollution, poor housing
physical factors: drought, famine, desertification, natural disasters
pull factors in Lee’s migration model
employment opportunities, environment, good education, healthcare, democratically governed society
obstacles in Lee’s migration model
Physical features: oceans, rivers, mountain ranges
climatic factors; health; transport; and cultural factors such as language.
Refugees
People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.
Asylum seekers
Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognised as a refugee.
Migrant remittances
The process by which a migrant sends money to family or friends in their home country.
UN definition of long-term migrant
A person who moves to a country other than their usual residence for a period of at least a year.
UN definition of short-term migrant
A person who moves to a country other than their usual residence for at least three months but less than a year
Main reasons for migration
Employment opportunities
Family reunification
Relationships between patterns of international migration and socio-economic development
Migration can contribute to development; positive process for stability, economic growth and socio-economic change
Inequalities in levels of development can be a cause of migration
Remittances and their importance in the development process
Increases GDP in countries and boosts the economy and development
How can global migration promote stability growth and development within and between countries?
migrant remittances
returning migrants having acquired new ideas and values
youthful migrants in an ageing population = pop growth
GDP boosted by working migrants
migrants can fill skill gaps and stimulate economies
multiplier effect
How global migration causes inequalities, conflicts and injustices for people and places through unequal flows of people and money
Migrant flows are spatially uneven. Globally the South-North and South-South migrations are dominant.
Why is there a high concentration of female migrants?
Countries where there is less discrimination in the labour market and where women's rights are better respected
Main reasons for the large number of refugees globally
-Effects of conflict
-political persecution, discrimination and violation of human rights
-forced labour and modern slavery
-impacts of natural disasters
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