bio s1

3 features of living things

1. requirment for energy and nutrients
2. homeostasis
3. use of DNA as heridatary material

nutrients

\-anything an organism need for growth and survival and cant make itself

Homeostasis

maintaining a stable internal enviroment

consumers

organisms that get energy from eating

producers

make their own food from the enviroment

development

process by which 1st cell of an organism gives rise to an adult

growth

getting more cells/cells growing

inheritance

transmission to offspring of DNA

atom

non-living building blocks of all substances

molecule

non-living, 2+ atoms together

cell

smallest unit of life

tissue

cells organized to serve a collective function

organ

2+ tissues working together to serve a function

organ system

set of organs that work together to keep a body working

organism

an individual of 1+ cells

population

group of individuals of the same species in an area

community

all populations of all species in an area

ecosystem

a community of all species in an area

biosphere

all regions of earth where organisms live

protons charge

\+1

proton is found in the..

nucleus (1)

proton symbol

p+

this determines the idenitiy of an atom

amount of protons

nuetrons chare

0

neutrons are found in the

nucleus (0)

nucleus’ symbol

n^0

isotopes

an atom where the number of of protons does not equal the number of neutrons

electrons charge

\-1

electrons symbol

n^0

electrons are found in…

orbitals (surrounding nucleus)

electrons do this

bond and react

anion

negative charge

cation

positive charge

element

pure substance made of all same atoms

atomic number

the number of protons an atom has

atomic mass

the amount of protons plus the amount of neutrons in an atom

orbitals

the area electrons fill

chemical bond

**attractive force between 2 atoms exists because electrons interact with eachother**

ionic bond

strong mutual attractoin between ions of opposite charges

are ionic bonds polar or non-polar

polar (each ion has its own charge)

covalent bonds

shares electrons (the shared electron counts for both orbitals)

are covalent bonds polar

can be polar or non-polar

hydrogen bonds

an attraction between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom and another taking part in another speraerate polar covalent bond

hydrogen bonds strenght

indivally weak; collectly strong; 5% strength of covalent bond

extensive hydrogen bonds give water..

its important properties

electronegativity

measure of the ability of an atom to pull electrons away from other atoms

polarity

seperations of negative and positive into different regions

polartity is caused by..

unequal sharing of electrons in a bond

water has ___ covalent bonds per moelcule

2

(in H20) oxygen is slightly..

negative

(in H20) hydrogen is slightly…

positive

hydrophilic

water loving

hydrophobic

water fearing

solute

gets dissolved

solvent

does dissolving

water is a

universal solvent

cohesion

water sticking to itself

adhesion

water sticking to other things

water is (more/less) dense as a solid

less

water has a (high/low) specific heat

high

carbs

organic compunds that consist of carbon , hydrogen, oxygen, 1-2-1 ratio

gluclose

C6H12O6

carbs are a ___ for animals

energy source

carbs are ____ for plants

building blocks

monomer

monosaccahraide

polymer

polysaccharide

plants store energy as ____ in stems, roots, leaves, and fruits

starch

main structural component of plants

cellulose

cellouse is..

tough and mallable

energy stored in muscles and liver for animals

glycogen

lipids

organic compounds also known as fat

functions of lipids

1. energy storage - harder to break down
2. insulation
3. membrane function
4. coushioning
5. hormone regulation

lipids are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic)

hydrophobic

structure of a phospholipid

phosphate head and two fatty acid tails

phosphlipid bilayer

cell membrane

functions of chloestoral

1. plays several important roles in the body
2. maintains fulidity in animal cells membranes
3. used to make important lipid hormones

triglycerides

typical dietarty fat

structure of triglcerides

one glyceral head and 3 fatty acid tails (full of C and H bonds that hold energy)

structure of steroids

20 C 4 ring structures plus functional groups

functional groups

an atom or group of atoms (beside H) bonds to C of an organic compound

saturated fats

straight shape; single bonds in tails; soild at room temp.; more calories/less healthy

unsaturated fats

double bonds in tails

bent shape

liquid at room temp

healthier

trans fats

modified unsaturtaed fats; really unhealthy

most diverse type of molecule

proteins

(proteins) shape determines…

function

primary structure of proteins

sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

secondary structure of proteins

side groups interact with one another; twists and folds

tertiary structure of proteins

1. more folding to form a full protein

some proteins stop at what level

3rd

4th structure of proteins

multiple stage 3s combined to form a protein complex

functions of proteins

* transport
* defense (immune system)
* structure
* enzymes
* movement

how many types of amino acids are there

20

different amino acids have different…

side groups

proteins are made of…

amino acids

polypeptide

chain of amino acids

type of bond that holds amino acids togerther

peptide bond

peptide bond is a ____ bond

covalent

enzymes

speeds chem reactions by lowering activation energy by reducing amount of energy without being changed itself

metabolism

he sum of all reactions in an organism

substrate

the one specific molecule an enzyme targets