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embryo
the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
fetus
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
teratogens
(literally, "monster maker") agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.
assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
accomodation
adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
egocentrism
in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
conservation
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
theory of mind
people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.
attachment
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
social learning theory
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
Jean Piaget
Known for his theory of cognitive development in children
Lev Vygotsky
child development; investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development; zone of proximal development; play research
Konrad Lorenz
researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting
Harry Harlow
Field: development; Contributions: realized that touch is preferred in development; Studies: Rhesus monkeys, studied attachment of infant monkeys (wire mothers v. cloth mothers)
Mary Ainsworth
developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; "The Strange Situation": observation of parent/child attachment
Diana Baumrind
her theory of parenting styles had three main types (permissive, authoratative, & authoritarian)
Lawrence Kohlberg
moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why?
Erik Erikson
neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"