Ethics Final

Utilitarianism

An ethical theory where the rightness of an action depends solely on the consequences it produces, with the aim to maximize utility.

Kantian Ethics

An ethical theory that holds the moral worth of an action depends on the intention behind it, particularly if done out of duty and the categorical imperative.

Dixon’s Argument

Challenges the assumption that alcohol automatically negates consent, suggests consent exists on a spectrum.

Mens Rea

The mental state indicating culpability, such as intent, knowledge, recklessness, or negligence.

Actus Reus

The physical action or conduct that constitutes a criminal offense, usually requiring mens rea for conviction.

Active Euthanasia

Direct action taken to end a life, such as administering lethal drugs.

Passive Euthanasia

Withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment.

Arguments Against Euthanasia: Argument from Self-Interest

Patients may not act in their best interest due to conditions like depression, leading to potential abuse or misdiagnosis.

Arguments For Euthanasia: Autonomy

Respect for individual choice over their body and life decisions, especially relevant in end-of-life care.

Negative Eugenics

Efforts aimed at preventing the birth of individuals with perceived undesirable traits through methods such as sterilization.

Huemer’s Argument on Gun Control

Gun ownership is a prima facie right rooted in self-defense and liberty, and the government must justify any restrictions.

Medical Child Neglect

Failure to provide necessary medical care, which can justify state intervention in certain cases.

Absolutism (Kant) on Lying

The belief that all lies are wrong and truth-telling is a moral duty, regardless of consequences.

Philosophical Hedonism

The theory that well-being is defined by pleasure and the absence of pain.

Libertarian Free Will

The belief that individuals have the power to make undetermined choices, implying moral responsibility.