Alterations in the Nervous System - Part I

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts related to the alterations of the nervous system, cognitive function, pathophysiological conditions, and pain regulation.

Which system is primarily responsible for regulating the state of awareness and arousal in consciousness?
A) Autonomic nervous system
B) Reticular activating system
C) Limbic system
D) Somatosensory system

B) Reticular activating system

Which components are evaluated in the Glasgow Coma Scale?
A) Visual, auditory, and motor responses
B) Heart rate, breathing, and consciousness
C) Eye, verbal, and motor responses
D) Eye, verbal, and sensory responses

C) Eye, verbal, and motor responses

Which term describes a transient disorder of awareness resulting from cerebral dysfunction, often caused by drug intoxication or metabolic disorders?
A) Delirium
B) Dementia
C) Coma
D) Agnosia

A) Delirium

How is a vegetative state distinguished from a coma?
A) It involves total motor paralysis
B) It involves awareness without wakefulness
C) It is a permanent state of brain death
D) It involves wakefulness without awareness

D) It involves wakefulness without awareness

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for brain death?
A) Irreversible loss of brainstem reflexes
B) Preservation of autonomic breathing
C) Absence of blood flow to the brain
D) No electrical activity in the brain

B) Preservation of autonomic breathing

What is the fundamental physiological cause of a seizure?
A) Sudden decrease in blood flow to the brain
B) Rapid increase in intracranial pressure
C) Accumulation of amyloid plaques
D) Sudden, excessive electrical activity within the brain

D) Sudden, excessive electrical activity within the brain

What is the term for the inability to process and recognize sensory information, such as tactile or visual stimuli?
A) Agnosia
B) Aphasia
C) Ataxia
D) Anomia

A) Agnosia

Which of the following is a common clinical manifestation of Alzheimer’s disease?
A) Decline in problem-solving abilities and emotional instability
B) Improved long-term memory
C) Acute onset of motor paralysis
D) Sudden loss of auditory perception

A) Decline in problem-solving abilities and emotional instability

Which condition can contribute to increased intracranial pressure (IICP)?
A) Hypotension
B) Decreased cerebral blood flow
C) Hyperglycemia
D) Excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

D) Excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

What is the typical normal range for cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)?
A) 40-50 mmHg
B) 90-110 mmHg
C) 60-80 mmHg
D) 120-140 mmHg

C) 60-80 mmHg

What are the two primary types of cerebral edema?
A) Vasogenic and cytotoxic
B) Respiratory and metabolic
C) Acute and chronic
D) Primary and secondary

A) Vasogenic and cytotoxic

What describes the abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain ventricles?
A) Encephalitis
B) Hydrocephalus
C) Microcephaly
D) Meningoiditis

B) Hydrocephalus

What type of receptors are responsible for detecting harmful chemical, mechanical, and thermal stimuli?
A) Photoreceptors
B) Chemoreceptors
C) Proprioceptors
D) Nociceptors

D) Nociceptors

Why is temperature regulation crucial for the human body?
A) To ensure rapid digestion
B) To prevent muscle atrophy
C) For maintaining homeostasis
D) To increase cognitive processing speed

C) For maintaining homeostasis

What are the two major phases of sleep?
A) REM and NREM sleep
B) Light sleep and heavy sleep
C) Deep sleep and shallow sleep
D) Alpha and beta sleep

A) REM and NREM sleep

In clinical settings, chronic pain is generally defined as pain persisting for longer than which duration?
A) 2 weeks
B) 3 to 6 months
C) 1 month
D) 1 year

B) 3 to 6 months

What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
A) To produce cerebrospinal fluid
B) To regulate intracranial pressure
C) To facilitate the transmission of nerve impulses
D) To selectively block harmful agents while allowing necessary substances

D) To selectively block harmful agents while allowing necessary substances

Which of the following is NOT typically listed as a cause of cognitive impairment?
A) Brain injuries
B) Neurological disorders
C) Substance use
D) Physical exercise

D) Physical exercise

What term refers to the complete loss of comprehension or production of language?
A) Dysphagia
B) Apraxia
C) Aphasia
D) Alexia

C) Aphasia

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is primarily influenced by which of these factors?
A) Levels of carbon dioxide (CO_{2})
B) Peripheral joint mobility
C) Dietary fiber intake
D) Bone density

A) Levels of carbon dioxide (CO_{2})

What is the role of endogenous opioids in pain modulation?
A) To increase sensitivity to pain
B) To bind to opioid receptors and block pain signals
C) To regulate body temperature
D) To assist in sleep induction

B) To bind to opioid receptors and block pain signals

Hypothermia is clinically defined as a body temperature falling below which threshold?
A) 37^{\circ}C
B) 36^{\circ}C
C) 35^{\circ}C
D) 34^{\circ}C

C) 35^{\circ}C

What mechanism initiates the development of a fever?
A) Reduction in core blood flow
B) Increasing the rate of shivering
C) Sweating excessively
D) Resetting the hypothalamic thermostat via pyrogens

D) Resetting the hypothalamic thermostat via pyrogens

How is psychogenic pain defined?
A) Pain caused or prolonged by mental or emotional factors
B) Pain caused by physical injury to nerves
C) Pain resulting from internal organ damage
D) Pain that occurs only during sleep

A) Pain caused or prolonged by mental or emotional factors

Which temperature regulation change is commonly observed in aging individuals?
A) Increased sweating
B) Enhanced sensitivity to cold
C) Slowed blood circulation
D) Increased metabolic rate

C) Slowed blood circulation

What is the cause of referred pain?
A) Shared spinal segments between the source and perception area
B) Psychological stress
C) Local tissue inflammation only
D) Total lack of nociceptors

A) Shared spinal segments between the source and perception area

What are secondary sleep disorders?
A) Sleep disorders occurring in childhood
B) Natural changes in sleep patterns due to aging
C) Disorders caused by light exposure
D) Alterations in sleep quality caused by primary diseases

D) Alterations in sleep quality caused by primary diseases