Integument system

Carpal glands

Present in pigs located proximal to the carpus on the caudomedial side of the leg. They produce sexual pheromones to sexually stimulate the mating partner. They also mark the sow during mating as the boar’s property.

Caudal glands

Present in carnivores located at the dorsum of the root of the tail.

Ceruminous glands

Present in all domestic animals, found in the wall of the external auditory canal. They produce ear wax which protects the tympanic membrane from foreign bodies

Circumoral or perioral glands

Present only in cats. Located in the skin around the lower lip. Their functional significance, although called “cleaning gland” is for marking purposes

Anal Sac glands

Present in carnivores. Located in the walls of the anal sacs, they secrete into the anal sacs for storage.

Glands of the inguinal sinus

Present in sheep on either side of the udder or scrotum. The odor may help the lamb locate the udder.

Glands of the interdigital sinus

Present in sheep between the digits used as trail markers

Glands of the nasal skin

Present in ruminants and pig in the skin of the nose

Horn glands

Present in goat and some sheep. Located caudal to the base of the horn (similar location in polled animals)

Mental (chin) gland

Present in pig as a wart-like skin eminence on the chin. It has both tactile and secretory (marking) function

Preputial gland

Located in the prepuce. Their secretions mix with degenerated cells to form a substance called smegma, which is significant in horse.

Subcaudal gland

Present in goats as two glands below the tail. This is responsible for the buck’s distinct smell.

Bristle

hair coat of the pig, the cilia, vibrissae (hair of nostrils) and the beard (hair of the submandibular region of the goat)

Guard hair

outer coat (topcoat) of domestic animals except in sheep and pig

Wool hair

the wavy, fine, short, inner coat (undercoat). This is the hair type of the fleece of sheep

Long hair

long hair of the horse (forelock, mane, tail and “feathers” (behind the fetlock”)

Tactile hair

stiff, sensory hair in some of the domestic animals on the upper and lower lip, chin, cheek, around the eye and carpus

Dog

Has compound hair follicles with a single primary hair and a group of smaller secondary hairs

Cat

Has a single follicle with a primary guard hair surrounded by clusters of compound follicles. The compound follicles have three primary hairs with many secondary hairs

Horse and Cattle

Has Single hair follicles

Pig

Has single hair follicles grouped in cluster

Mammary gland

s a modified sweat gland that nourishes the young. It consists of the mamma and the teat.

Mamma

is the glandular structure

Teat

is the projecting part of the gland.

Lobes

internal compartments of mamma, separated by adipose tissue. The lobes are divided into lobules.

Lobules

consist of connective tissue containing alveoli, the grape-like clusters of milk -secreting cells of the mammary gland.

Milk (lactiferous) duct

large ducts conveying milk from the alveoli to the milk sinus.

Milk (lactiferous) sinus

the large milk storage cavity within the teat and the glandular body

Teat

projecting part of the gland containing the milk sinus

Teat canal (papillary duct or streak canal)

duct leading from the milk sinus to the teat opening.

Teat opening

openings of the teat canal

Sphincter muscle

muscular fibers around the teat opening that prevent milk flow, except during suckling or milking.

Thoracoabdominal

Mammary gland position in cats

Thoracoabdomioinguinal

Mammary gland position in Dog and pig

Inguinal

Mammary gland position in Horse and ruminant

Bitch

Usually 10 mammae, 5 (4-6) mammary complexes on each side separated by an intermammary groove.; teats have 5 – 20 teat openings

Queen

8 mammae, four on each side of the ventral abdominal wall

Sow

14 (10-18) mammae, seven on each side; teats have 2 -3 teat openings

Cow

4 mammae, two quarters on each side, all bound together to form the udder; teats have one teat opening

Doe and Ewe

2 mammae forming a small udder; teats have one teat opening

Mare

2 mammae forming a small udder; teats have two teat openings; during the last days of pregnancy, the extremity of the teat has a waxy appearance and is used as an indicator of impending parturition

Hoof

is the horny epidermis covering the digit’s distal end and divided into wall, sole and frog

Wall

visible part of the standing horse’s hoof

Toe

dorsal part of the wall

Quarter

medial and lateral wall parts

Heels (angles)

palmar or plantar aspect of the wall

Bars

extension of the wall from the back of the foot towards the toe. They are seen on either side of the frog from the ground surface

Sole

concave surface facing the ground between the frog and the walls. The medial and lateral angles of the sole are located between the bars and quarters

Frog

wedge-shaped structure between the sole, bars and bulb. It points toward the toe. It is often called the heart of the horse’ foot because its compression forces blood out of the foot back toward the body.

Bulbs

part of the hoof just proximal and palmar/plantar to the frog

Coronet

junction of the hoof and the skin

White line or zone

junction between the wall and sole on the ground surface of the foot. This is the external indication of the sensitive internal structures

Frog and bars

Epidermis of the wall, sole and heels are similar to the horse except that the _ missing

Ruminants and pigs

Cloven-hooves animals

Hoof pads or bulbs

highly keratinized cushion on the palmar/plantar aspect of the foot

Claw

is a modification of the epidermis in the carnivores enclosing the ungual process of the distal phalanx.

Dog

curved and follows the shape of the unguicular process of the distal phalanx. It can be compared to a laterally compressed human nail. It is oval to round in diameter, and the sharpness of the tip depends on its wear

Cat

laterally compressed, strongly curved and drawn out to a sharp point. It resembles a sickle, with a sharp inside curve and a blunt convex surface. Can be actively and fully retracted by elastic ligaments into the claw fold. This enables them to walk silently and without blunting the claws through ground contact.

Pad

hairless, cushion-like pads on the palmar/plantar side of the limbs. Note that this is the part of the dog where the sweat glands can be located

Carpal pad

located at the palmar to the carpus

Metacarpal (metatarsal) pad

heart-shaped pad on the palmar/plantar surface at the level of the proximal metacarpophalangeal joints

Digital pad

small pad over the distal end of each digit

Ergot

a small mass of horny material on the palmar/plantar surface of the fetlock, They are buried in the feathers (long hair behind the fetlock

Chestnut or night eyes

hornlike growths on the medial sides of horses’ limbs. The front chestnuts are proximal to the carpus, and the hind chestnuts are slightly distal to the hocks. thought to be vestigial metacarpal and metatarsal footpads

Horn

the covering of the cornual process of the frontal bone in ruminants

Corium of the horn

completely envelops the cornual process and blends with its periosteum

Epikeras

ring of soft horn marking the transition between the skin and the horn. Like periople of the hoof, it grows out and covers the horn with a thin shiny layer

Cornual rings

circumferential grooves on the horn. More distinct in small ruminants than in cattle. 9-12 rings are produced per year

Polled

ruminants that lack horn

Animal
Horn
Cattle
Horns are located at the caudolateral end of the head
Carabao
Horns are located at the caudolateral end of the head; horn is sickle-shaped or curve backward toward the neck
Sheep
Horns are located behind the orbit; pursue a helical course
Goat
Horns are located behind the orbit; grow caudally over the skull

Cattle

Horns are located at the caudolateral end of the head

Carabao

Horns are located at the caudolateral end of the head; horn is sickle-shaped or curve backward toward the neck.

Sheep

Horns are located behind the orbit; pursue a helical course

Goat

Horns are located behind the orbit; grow caudally over the skull

Skin Glands

Sweat glands are absent in birds

Uropygial gland

also known as preen gland. The oily, holocrine glandular secretion covers the feathers in a fatty film

Cloaca glands

Produce a mucous secretion

Accessory Structures

Comb

Wattle

Fleshy growth that hangs down under their chin

Cheek or ear lobe

Fleshy bits that stick out on the side of the head

Snood

Fleshy appendage that extends over the beak

Caruncles

Fleshy protuberances on the head, neck, and throat, with larger structures especially at the bottom of the throat

The network of sinusoidal capillaries in the dermis of comb, wattle, and ear lobes is responsible for their red coloration

Patagia

The patagia are membranous folds of skin that span the flexor surfaces of the joints of the wings

At the shoulder, folds are present on both the extensor and flexor surfaces

Elastic fibers in the patagia allow the wings to rest against the body without muscular effort

The wing has four patagia

Propatagium

Postpatagium

Located at the caudal angle of the carpus

Metapatagium

Located at the caudal junction of the thorax and wing

Alular patagium

Located between the alula and the carpometacarpus

Interdigital Web

are located between the second, third, and fourth toes of waterfowl

They facilitate swimming

Featherless Body Region

The epidermis is thicker in featherless regions to withstand mechanical forces

Epidermal specialisations include

Rhamphotheca

Cere

Soft, variably coloured skin on the upper beak

Scales (scuta) and small scales (scutella)

Cover the tarsometatarsus and digits

Scutella

Smaller scales, are hexagonal on the plantar surface

Podotheca

is the scaly covering present on the foot of the birds.

Pads

Composed of metatarsal and digital pads

Claws

Cone-shaped coverings over the distal phalanx