02 logical fallacies

Fallacy

It is a common error in reasoning, which undermine the logic of the argument

Fallacy

It can be illegitimate arguments, irrelevant points, or claims that lack evidence

1. Ad Hominem Fallacy

2. Guilt by Association

3. Bandwagon / Ad Populum

4. Hasty Generalization

5. Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

6. Straw Man Fallacy

7. False Dilemma / False Dichotomy Fallacy

8. Slippery Slope Fallacy

8 Kinds of Logical Fallacies

Ad Hominem Fallacy

Kinds of Logical Fallacies:

It discredits the opponent’s arguments through attacking the person’s character or skill level rather than the argument itself

1. Abusive Ad Hominem

2. Circumstantial Ad Hominem

3. Ad Hominem Tu Quoque

3 Types of Ad Hominem

Abusive Ad Hominem

Types of Ad Hominem:

Often referred to as “personal attack” or “mudslinging”

Abusive Ad Hominem

Types of Ad Hominem:

Most common type of ad hominem argument

Abusive Ad Hominem

Types of Ad Hominem:

Occurs when someone verbally attacks the person making the argument, rather than criticizing the validity of their claim

Circumstantial Ad Hominem

Types of Ad Hominem:

Also known as “appeal to motive”

Circumstantial Ad Hominem

Types of Ad Hominem:

Happens when one attempts to attack a claim by asserting that the person making the claim is making it simply out of self-interest

Circumstantial Ad Hominem

Types of Ad Hominem:

Also involves substituting an attack on a person’s circumstances (religion, political affiliation, ethnic background, gender, etc.)

Ad Hominem Tu Quoque

Types of Ad Hominem:

Latin for “you too”

Ad Hominem Tu Quoque

Types of Ad Hominem:

Also known as “appeal to hypocrisy”

Ad Hominem Tu Quoque

Types of Ad Hominem:

Happens when one claims that someone’s argument must be false because it is not consistent with his/her past actions or words

Guilt by Association

Kinds of Logical Fallacies:

Happens when someone is discredited due to their supposed association with something negative

Guilt by Association

Kinds of Logical Fallacies:

The attempt to discredit an idea based upon disfavored people or
groups associated with it

Bandwagon / Ad Populum

Kinds of Logical Fallacies:

Assumes that something must be true or good because it is popular or believed by the majority

Hasty Generalization

Kinds of Logical Fallacies:

Reaches a conclusion or generalization that is NOT logically justified by sufficient or unbiased evidence, or that is usually based on a sample size that is too small to support that conclusion

Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

Kinds of Logical Fallacies:

Translated as “after this, therefore because of this”

Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

Kinds of Logical Fallacies:

Occurs when someone assumes that one event must have caused a later event simply because it happened after the other

Straw Man Fallacy

Kinds of Logical Fallacies:

Happens when an argument is distorted, oversimplified, or misrepresented for it to be more easily refuted

Straw Man Fallacy

Kinds of Logical Fallacies:

Ignores the original argument and then substitutes it by a distorted version of it

False Dilemma / False Dichotomy Fallacy

Kinds of Logical Fallacies:

Occurs when a limited number of choices, outcomes, or views are presented as the only possibilities when, in fact, more possibilities exist

False Dilemma / False Dichotomy Fallacy

Kinds of Logical Fallacies:

Also known as “either-or fallacy” and “black-and-white thinking”

Slippery Slope Fallacy

Kinds of Logical Fallacies:

Occurs when someone argues that a certain action or proposition will lead to an undesirable outcome via series of events, without providing adequate evidence