Lesson 3: Cytology

From Cytology.pptx

1665

When was the cell first observed?

Robert Hooke

discovered a honeycomb-like structure in a cork slice using a primitive compound microscope

Robert Hooke

He coined the term "cell"

1670

When was the first living cell seen?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

a Dutch biologist, looks at pond water with a microscope he made lenses for

1683

Miniature Animals

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

He published a letter to the royal society with detailed drawings. Among these was the first protozoa and bacteria discovered.

1833

When was the center of the cell first seen?

Robert Brown

An english botanist who discovered the nucleus in plant cells

1838

It is when the cells are proposed as basic building blocks of all plants

Matthias Jakob Schleiden

He proposes that all plant tissues are composed of cells, and that cells are the basic building blocks of all plants

1839

When was cell theory proposed?

Theodor Schwann

Reached the conclusion that not only plants, but animal tissue as well is composed of cells.

1. Cells are organisms and all organisms consist of one or more cells

2. The cell is the basic unit of life

3. All cells develop only from existing cells

Cell Theory (3)

1840

It is when the sperm and eggs are discovered to also be cells

Albrecht von Roelliker

Discovered that sperm and eggs are also cells

1845

When were cells called the basic unit of life

Carl Heinrich Braun

Reworks the cell theory, calling cells the basic unit of life

1855

When was the 3rd part of the cell theory added?

Rudolf Virchow

He added the 3rd part to the cell theory

Theodor Schwann

He pulled together and organized previous statement on cells into one theory

Rudolf Virchow

He stated that all diseases involve changes in normal cells, that is, all pathology ultimately is cellular pathology.

1. Prokaryotic Cells

2. Eukaryotic Cells

Two Basic Cell Types

1-10 micrometers

Size of Prokaryotes

10-100 micrometers

Size of Eukaryotes

1. Protista

2. Fungi

3. Plantae

4. Animalia

Kingdoms under Eukarya

Prokaryotes

Organelles are absent

Prokaryotes

The extrachromosomal DNA is in the plasmid. It is circular and w/o histones

Eukaryotes

DNA is located in the nucleus with histones (linear)

Prokaryotes

Binary Fission / Asexual Reproduction

Eukaryotes

Sexual Reproduction (mitosis, meiosis)

Prokaryotes

RNA and protein are both synthesized in the cytoplasm

Eukaryotes

RNA is synthesized in the Nucleus, while Protein is synthesized in the cytoplasm

1. Irritability

2. Excitability

3. Contractibility

4. Absorption and Secretion

5. Excretion

6. Respiration

7. Growth and Reproduction

8. Organization

Physiological Properties of the Cell (8)

1. cell membrane

2. cytoplasm

3. nucleus

3 basic parts of the cell

Cell Membrane

selectively permeable envelope that separates the cytoplasm from the external environment.

1. Carbohydrates

2. Fats

3. Proteins

Cell membrane is primarily made up of (3)

Carbohydrates

 mainly as oligosaccharides and glycolipids

Glycocalyx

oligosaccharide component may form a superficial coat known as ____ that participates in cell adhesion and recognition.

Fats

mainly exist in the cell membrane as phospholipids and cholesterol with some sphingolipids (insulator)

Proteins

carriers or receptors

Integral Proteins

extend throughout the membrane with ends exposed on its outer and/or inner surfaces.

Peripheral Proteins

not within the bilayer but bound to inner or outer end of some of its integral protein

Selective Permeability

The plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others

Solution

homogeneous mixture of two or more components

Solvent

dissolving medium

Solute

components in smaller quantities within a solution

Intracellular fluids

nucleoplasm and cytosol. Fluids inside the cell

Interstitial Fluids

fluid on the exterior of the cell

Passive Transport

higher concentration to lower concentration

1. Simple Diffusion

2. Osmosis

3. Facilitated Diffusion

4. Filtration

4 types of passive transport

Active Transport

movement of substances with or against the concentration gradient which requires the expenditure of energy

1. Exocytosis

2. Endocytosis

3. Phagocytosis

4. Pinocytosis

5. Receptor mediated endocytosis

5 types of active transport

Nucleus

Control center of the cell

Ribosomes

site for protein synthesis of a eukaryotic cell

Mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell

Rough ER

stores protein and bounded by ribosomes

Smooth ER

stores lipids and proteins, not bound by ribosomes

Lysosomes

kamikaze of the cell, break down excess or worn-out cell parts

Autolysis

the cell membranes breakdown and release enzymes that start self-digestion. It dies when its not supposed to

Apoptosis

programmed cell death. It dies when its supposed to

Cytoplasm

jelly-like substance containing the cell’s parts.

Vacuole

Storage tanks

Vesicles

vehicles of the cell

Golgi

packaging center of the cell (LBC)

Archae

means primitive

Archaebacteria

found in the most extreme places

Animal Cells

have no vacuole

Chloroplasts

photosynthesis

Amyloplasts

store starch in plants

Elaioplasts

store oils in plants

Turgor Pressure

force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall

Ribosomes

are not considered organelles because they only have one membrane

Proteolytic Enzymes

enzymes that break down protein

1. Mitochondria

2. Chloroplasts

which organelles have their own DNA (2)

Grana or Granum

contains the chlorophyl pigements that trap sunlight

Adenosine Triphosphate

“money” of the cell

Cytosol

the clear fluid portion of the cytoplasm

Ectoplasm

gel-like outer layer of the cytoplasm

Endoplasm

inner more liquified layer of the cytoplasm

Lysosomes

contain more than 30 hydrolytic enzymes that have acid pH and function as “digestive system” of the cell.

1. Primary lysosomes

2. Secondary lysosomes

3. Residual bodies

3 types of Lysosomes

Peroxisomes

resemble lysosomes structurally but are more spherical.

microfilaments

thinnest cytoskeletal components, contractile filaments

Intermediate Filaments

diameter is intermediate between microfilaments and microtubules

Centrioles

cylindric group of 9 microtubule triplets in a pinwheel array.

Basal bodies

anchoring points for cilia and flagella

Cilium or Cilia

cell surface evaginations covered by plasma membrane composed of 9 doublet microtubules

Flagellum

usually one or two in a cell surface