CAO Physiology Y2M2

If there is damage to the Lower Motor Neuron, what happens to muscle tone?

Muscle tone will be Flaccid

If there is damage to the Upper Motor Neuron, what happens to muscle tone?

Muscle tone will be Spastic

If there is damage to the Lower Motor Neurons, what happens with involuntary movements?

There will Fasciculations

If there is damage to the Upper Motor Neurons, what happens with involuntary movements?

No effect on involuntary movement

If there is damage to the Lower Motor Neurons, what effect is there on the Reflexes?

Decreased

If there is damage to the Upper Motor Neurons, what effect is there on the Reflexes?

Increased

The American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) categorizes the level of spinal cord injury in levels from A to E. If an injury is rated "A" according to the ASIA score, what does this mean?

The injury is complete. No motor or sensory function is preserved below the level of the lesion.

What is the name for a dermatomal deficit due to a single root lesion?

Monoradiulopathy

What is the name for multiple dermatome deficits due to multiple nerve root lesions?

Polyradiculopathy

Name the condition that is caused by LMN damage to the facial nerve that controls one side of the face.

Bell's Palsy

What condition causes damage or disease affecting peripheral nerves in roughly the same areas on both sides of the body, featuring weakness, numbness, and burning pain. Can be referred to as "Symmetrical distal stocking and glove pattern."

Polyneuropathy

A neurological disorder characterized by progressive weakness and impaired sensory function in the legs and arms. The disorder, which is sometimes called chronic relapsing polyneuropathy, is caused by damage to the myelin sheath (the fatty covering that wraps around and protects nerve fibers) of the peripheral nerves.

Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIPD)

A rare disorder in which your body's immune system attacks your nerves. Weakness and tingling in your extremities are usually the first symptoms. These sensations can quickly spread, eventually paralyzing your whole body. In its most severe form this condition is a medical emergency.

Guillain-Barre syndrome

Pain arising from normal activation of peripheral nociceptors.

Nociceptive pain

Pain arising from direct injury to neural tissue, bypassing nociceptive pathways.

Neuropathic pain

With this condition, pain occurs from stimuli that don't normally cause pain.

Allodynia

What is Hyperalgesia?

An abnormally increased sensitivity to pain.

A form of chronic pain that usually affects an arm or a leg. It typically develops after an injury, a surgery, a stroke or a heart attack. The pain is out of proportion to the severity of the initial injury.

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)

Most common complication of shingles. The condition affects nerve fibers and skin, causing burning pain that lasts long after the rash and blisters of shingles disappear. The chickenpox (herpes zoster) virus causes shingles.

Postherpetic Neuralgia

If you have this condition, even mild stimulation of your face — such as from brushing your teeth or putting on makeup — may trigger a jolt of excruciating pain.

Trigeminal neuralgia

Name a few general functions of the Spinal cord and PNS.

Coordination and planning

Movement

Motor Function

Sensory functions

Proprioception

Bowel and bladder regulation

This tract is one of the descending spinal tracts for the passing of information from the CNS to the PNS, particularly to musculature of the axial region of the body (the trunk) and distal regions (limbs and fingers/toes). This tract is directly in control of fine, digital movements.

Corticospinal or Pyramidial Tract

This type of spinal tract refers to the neural pathways by which sensory information from the peripheral nerves is transmitted to the cerebral cortex.

Somatosensory tracts

A group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve root. They are clinically useful as they can determine if damage has occurred to the spinal cord, and at which level the damage has occurred.

Myotome

This ascending spinal tract carry impulses at a subconscious level. They are responsible for the control of posture and coordination of movement

Spinocerebellar Tract

In this ASIA Score, the impairment is incomplete. Sensory function, but not motor function, is preserved below the neurologic level (the first normal level above the level of injury) and some sensation is preserved in the sacral segments S4 and S5.

ASIA Impairment Grade B

In this ASIA Score, the impairment is incomplete. Motor function is preserved below the neurologic level, but more than half of the key muscles below the neurologic level have a muscle grade less than 3 (i.e., they are not strong enough to move against gravity).

ASIA Impairment Grade C

In this ASIA Score, the impairment is incomplete. Motor function is preserved below the neurologic level, and at least half of the key muscles below the neurologic level have a muscle grade of 3 or more (i.e., the joints can be moved against gravity).

ASIA Impairment Grade D

A 30 year old factory worker traversed the right side of his spinal cord. What will you find upon physical examination?

A. Loss of ipsilateral vibratory sensation and proprioception

B. Up going planters

C. Loss of ipsilateral pain and temperature

D. Brisk reflexes and spasticity

A. Loss of ipsilateral vibratory sensation and proprioception