Organic synthesis methods

Reflux

-Heat mixture at specific temp for specific time without evaporation

-Use anti-bumping granules or stirring bar (stops large bubbles)

-Grease around joints or quick fit apparatus

-Boil vigorously

-Condensation should not be higher than 1/3 of condenser

-LEIBIG CONDENSER

-Water in bottom so covers whole condenser

Distillation

-Water in bottom of liebig condenser

-Thermometer at top of pear shaped flask

-Quick fit apparatus clamped and clipped

-Anti-bumping granules

-Flask less than half full

-Only collect distillate at desired temp

Separating immiscible liquids

-Tap closed

-Invert to mix layer

-Wait to separate

-Add a few drops of water to see which is aqueous layer

-Collect both layers

-Separating funnel

Drying organic layers

-Drying agents (anhydrous salts) absorb water to become hydrated. Dry organic layers

-A few spatulas of drying agent and swirl

-If the drying is clumped together there is still water present. Add until drying agent is dispersed through mixture

-Allow to settle then decant organic layer off

Types of drying agents

Anhydrous Calcium chloride- CaCl2- dries hydrocarbons

Anhydrous calcium sulfate- CaSO4- general

Anhydrous Magnesium sulfate- MgSO4- general

How to make alkene to alcohol?

H20/ H3PO4 catalyst

How to make alcohol into alkene?

Conc. H2SO4

alkene→ alkane

H2 + Ni catalyst

Alkane—> haloalkane

halogen/ UV

Alkene —> haloalkane

hydrogen halide

alc—> haloalkane

sodium halide + H2SO4

forms water

reflux

haloalkane to alcohol

NaOH reflux

Alcohol to alkane

Heat and acid catalyst

H3PO4 OR H2SO