states of matter vocab

amorphous solid

describes a solid that lacks an ordered internal structure; denotes a random arrangement of atoms

crystalline solid

A solid that is made up of crystals in which particles are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern

Solid

A state of matter that has a definite shape and a definite volume

liquid

A state of matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape.

Gas

A state of matter with no definite shape or volume

intermolecular forces

forces of attraction between molecules

vapor

describes the gaseous state of a substance that is generally a liquid or solid at room temperature

kinetic energy

the energy an object has due to its motion

Temperature

A measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance.

Viscosity

A liquid's resistance to flowing

surface tension

the force that acts on the surface of a liquid and that tends to minimize the area of the surface

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

wetting agent

a chemical that can be added to a liquid to reduce its surface tension and make it more effective in spreading over and penetrating surfaces.

capillary action

tendency of water to rise in a thin tube

Vaporization

The change of state from a liquid to a gas

Condensation

The change of state from a gas to a liquid

Melting

The change in state from a solid to a liquid

Freezing

The change of state from a liquid to a solid

Sublimation

A change directly from the solid to the gaseous state without becoming liquid

Deposition

change of state of a gas to a solid without going through the liquid state

Endothermic

absorbs heat from the surroundings

Exothermic

Releases heat into the surroundings

Exothermic state changes

freezing, condensation, deposition

endothermic state changes

Melting, vaporization, and sublimation

heat of fusion

Amount of energy required to change a substance from the solid phase to the liquid phase.

heat of vaporization

the energy a substance must absorb in order to change from a liquid to a gas

hydrogen bonding

strong type of intermolecular dipole-dipole attraction. Occurs between hydrogen and F, O or N

dipole-dipole forces

attractions between oppositely charged regions of polar molecules

London dispersion forces

the intermolecular attraction resulting from the uneven distribution of electrons and the creation of temporary dipoles