Introduction to Microbiology

Microbiology

The study of microorganisms, or microbes, a diverse group of minute, simple life-forms that include bacteria, archaea, algae, fungi, protozoa, and viruses

Symbiosis

A continuing association of different organisms

Mutualism

One that benefits all contributing parties

Parasitism

A relationship which a host provides primary benefit to the parasite

o Microorganisms

- Are a large and diverse group of organisms existing as a single cells or clusters; they also include viruses, which are microscopic but no cellular

o Normal flora

- It is the bacteria within our body that does not cause any infection

HIV and AIDS

Example of Normal Flora

§ Low immune system

§ Too high normal flora that the body cannot control

- Cases that make normal flora infectious:

o Opportunistic Infection

- The infections that only appear due to low immune system:

- Human immunodeficiency virus

§ Cannot be cured or totally gone from a patient's body since its DNA material

§ But can stop the prevention of the drug

- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

§ No patient will die from AIDs

It is the infection, such as in tuberculosis or pneumonia that can be fatal

Viruses

Lack many of the attributes of cells, including the ability to self-replicate

Viruses

Consists of a nucleic acid molecule, either DNA or RNA, enclosed in a protein coat, or capsid, sometimes enclosed by an envelope composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

Viruses

A non-living organism that replicates when inside our body through sharing its genetic material.

self-replicate

Viruses Lack many of the attributes of cells, including the ability to ___________

Tropism

Most viruses are restricted to infecting specific types of cells of only one host species

Virophage

A virus that infect other viruses

Viroids

A type of virus that only affects plants

· Viral particles are general small

· Consist of nucleic acid molecule and either DNA or RNA

· Enclosed in a protein coat or capsid

· Maybe surrounded by envelope of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

Characteristics of virus

Prions

Refers to abnormal, pathogenic agents that are transmissible and are able to induce abnormal folding of specific normal cellular proteins that are found most abundantly in the brain.

Prions

is an infectious protein, which is capable of causing chronic neurologic disease

Prions

They are non microbial infections that when

activated can cause damage to the brain

Scrapie

A degenerative central nervous system disease of sheep

o Degenerative

The body has difficulty in generating new cells

PrPc

symbol for Normal form of prion protein

PrPSc

symbol for Infectious disease-causing isoform

Amyloid fibers

Aggregation of PrPSc which accumulate to form plaques

o Alzheimer's Disease

Scrapie in humans

- Amyloid fibers can cause _________

Prokaryotes

Are organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles

Prokaryotes

Are haploid

bacteria and archaebacteria

Prokaryotes is divided into _____ and ______

Haploid

Refers to the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism's cell

Nucleoid

Space within a prokaryotic cell where the genetic information, called the genophore is found

genophore

Nucleoid is a space within a prokaryotic cell where the genetic information, called the ______________ is found

o Cyanobacteria

- Type of prokaryote that can perform photosynthesis.

Protists

Are group of all the eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants;

Protists

Also known as microbial eukaryote

Protists

Non animals that can manufacture their own food

algae, protozoa, fungi, and slime molds

Protists four major groups:

Algae

Has long been used to denote all organisms that produce oxygen as a product of Photosynthesis

Algae

They are autotrophs and have chloroplast to conduct photosynthesis

Protozoa

An informal term for single-celled non-photosynthetic eukaryotes that are either free-living or parasitic

amoeba

Example of protozoa

fungi

Nonphotosynthetic protists that may or may not grow as a mass of branching, interlacing filaments called hyphae known as mycelium

- They are macroscopic

hyphae

fungi is a Nonphotosynthetic protists that may or may not grow as a mass of branching, interlacing filaments called _____ known as mycelium

mycelium

fungi is a Nonphotosynthetic protists that may or may not grow as a mass of branching, interlacing filaments called hyphae known as ____________

mushroom

example of fungi

Slime Molds

These organisms are characterized by the presence, as a stage in their life cycle, of an ameboid multinucleate mass of cytoplasm called plasmodium

plasmodium

cytoplasm of slime mold

Cyanobacteria

Was believed to be the first form of life existed on earth (classified as prokaryote)

Cyanobacteria

Were microscopic, unicellular organisms, lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles

Photosynthesis

Light fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material

Decomposition

Breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds

3.5 billion

Bacteria-like organisms have existed on earth for about _______________ years

v Prokaryotes

microscopic, unicellular organisms, lack nuclei, and membrane bound organelles

- But they have inclusion bodies

Eukaryotes

unicellular (microscopic) and multicellular, nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Viruses

acellular, parasitic particles composed of a nucleic acid and protein

Microbes In Energy And Nutrition Flow

The flow of energy and food through the earth's ecosystems

Nitrogen

The one that causes bad odor in decaying body

- Came from muscles (which is made of proteins)

carbohydrates

Abbreviation for carbohydrates

o CHON

Abbreviation for protein

o Saprobes or Saprophytic

Consumes decaying matter

free existence, harmless beneficial

Microorganism Majority live in a ________, are relatively ________ and often __________

Lactobacillus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

example of beneficial microorganism

Parasites

Live on or in the body of another organism called the host and it damages the host

Parasites

Most pathogens are __________

2,000

Nearly ___________ different microbes can cause diseases

10

___ billion new infections/year worldwide

12

__ million deaths from infections/year worldwid

spherical

Microbes are __________ in shape

pathogens

Microbes that do harm, can cause disease

o Influenza and pneumonia

Is the leading cause of death in the US and worldwide followed by septicemia and respiratory infection

o Sepsis

Blood infection

o Septicemia

Circulate infection in blood

- Blood poisoning by bacteria.

o Septic Shock

- The infection can cause hypotension

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and dobutamine

With septic shock to reachieve homeostasis, one should give ___________________________

Lower Respiratory Tract

Most sterile respiratory tract

Lower Respiratory Tract

Where tuberculosis can be seen

1880 - 1900

The foundation of microbiology was securely laid during the period from about ______________

Robert Hooke

- English scientist

- He observed a think slice of cork using a compound microscope

Robert Hooke

He called the life's smallest structural units as "little boxes" or "cels"

- First to use microscope to observe little things

Robert Hooke

Author of the book "Micrographia", which contains the description of some plant cells

to know the mystery why food spoils or how grapes turn into wine

Purpose of robert hooke

1635 - 1703

1. Robert Hooke (________)

1. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723)

Dutch fabric merchant and an amateur scientist

- Make home made microscope

1. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723)

He was the 1st to observe live microorganisms using simple microscope

- Use single lens microscope

1. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723)

He called these microorganism as "animalcules"

1. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723)

Founding father of Microbiology

He want to prove that living organism does not came from non-living organism

Purpose of anton van leeuwenhoek

1632 - 1723

1. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (______________)

1. Theory Of Spontaneous Generation

It is an early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matter

1. Theory Of Biogenesis

Refers to the idea that living things can only arise from other living things

1. Francesco Redi

Opposed the theory of spontaneous generation

- Made an experiment on maggots and decaying meat

the eggs of flies

1. Francesco Redi believe that maggots came from _____________

1. John Needham

He claimed that microbes developed spontaneously from the fluids

1. Lazzaro Spallanzi

He suggested that microorganisms from the air probably entered Needham's solution after they are boiled

Disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms

fermentation and pasteurization

Germ Theory of Disease

Louis Pasteur

Developed ________________

- Demonstrated the __________________

§ It states that microorganism aka "pathogens" or "germ" can cause disease

§ These small organisms are too small to see without magnification

§ Microorganism can reproduce within their host cells

the Germ Theory of Disease

1. John Tyndall And Ferdinand Cohn

Each demonstrated the presence of heat resistant forms of some microbes