L5 EUROPE CHTGPT

1000–1500.

What time period is covered in “Europe in the Middle Ages”

1158.

What year is linked to the first European universities appearing (in the lesson’s timeline)?

The Black Death.

What major event is linked to the year 1347 in the lesson’s timeline?

Joan of Arc was burned at the stake for being a witch.

What happened in 1431 according to the lesson’s important dates?

The Hundred Years War ends.

What ended in 1453 according to the lesson’s important dates?

(1) More peaceful/secure conditions,

(2) warming climate trend,

(3) improved agricultural technology that allowed more food production.

What 3 conditions helped Europe’s population grow between 1000 and 1300?

From about 38 million to 74 million people.

How did Europe’s population change between 1000 and 1300 (numbers)?

Heavy plow / iron plow.

Three-field crop rotation (8th century).

What agricultural tool/technique is listed as an improvement in the Middle Ages: heavy plow/iron plow?

What agricultural system is listed (and what century is it linked to)?

Horse harness.

What animal-related farming improvement durinf middle ages

Windmills and water wheels

What 2 power-machines for farming/production are listed as agricultural improvements?

The growing season.

“cycle of labor” depends on?

Preparation for planting winter crops.

In the cycle of labor, what is done in October?

Salting of meat for winter.

In the cycle of labor, what is done in November?

Planting of spring crops (oats, barley, peas, and beans)

In the cycle of labor, what is done in early spring?

Weed fields, shear sheep, spin wools

In the cycle of labor, what is done in early summer?

About 50 feast days per year.

About how many feast days were there in a year during the Middle Ages (per the lesson)?

Important events of the Catholic Church.

Feast days coincided with what (according to the lesson)?

The basic beliefs of Christianity

What did priests teach peasants in villages?

Dancing and drinking.

During festival days, what was the village churchyard used for?

The village church.

What does the lesson say is the center of all religious and most social activities in a medieval village?

A self-sufficient agricultural estate run by a lord and worked by peasants and serfs.

What is a “manor” in the manorial system?

Peasants bound to the land who didn’t really own land of their own

Who were serfs (definition from the lesson)?

Protection in the event of invasion.

In the manorial system, what did lords owe serfs in exchange for labor?

A percentage of the crops for their own families.

In the manorial system, what could serfs keep from their production?

Hard-working and simple life

How does the lesson describe peasant life?

Black bread, berries, cheese, egg, nuts.

What foods are listed in the peasant diet?

Ale

What brewed/fermented drink is associated with the lower class

Wine

What brewed/fermented drink is associated with the upper class

That people in the Middle Ages didn’t bathe (the lesson says they did bathe).

What “old belief” does the lesson correct about hygiene?

11th–12th century.

In what centuries does the lesson place the revival of trade and trade fairs?

Large markets for exchanging goods.

What does the lesson say fairs were?

Development of trade.

Higher agricultural output led to what development (per the lesson)?

Development of a money economy and commercial capitalism

Increase in trade led to what 2 economic developments

The social order dominated by the so-called middle class.

Define “bourgeoisie”

“Walled enclosure.”

“burg-” (German word) to what meaning?

City residents.

In the lesson, “bourgeoisie” refers to what group?

City enclosed by a wall;

buildings very close together

; animals nearby;

tanning/animal slaughtering industries nearby;

dumping waste in rivers due to no proper waste system; poor sanitation;

mostly wooden structures (fire hazard)

List the daily life conditions/problems in medieval cities described in the lesson.

Supervise the household and occasionally work outside the home; help husband manage a business (few worked independently); preparing the dead for burial; spinning wool into yarn

What are tje roles/activities of women during the Middle Ages a\?

Join a guild.

According to the lesson, if you want to operate a business, what should you do?

DTI

GUILDS is equivalent to the current world (sabi ni sir)

Regulates every aspect of business; sets quality standards; specifies method of production.

3 controls/functions of guilds

Apprenticeship → journeymen → master craftsman

What are the 3 main steps/stages in joining a guild

God → Pope → Cardinals → Archbishops → Bishops → Priests → People.

What is the hierarchy in the Catholic Church shown in the lesson

Pope Gregory VII.

Who initiated many reforms for the Church (Gregorian reforms)?

Dictatus Papae.

What document/name is associated with Pope Gregory VII’s statements in the lesson?

The Church was founded by God alone

what did Dictatus Papae claim about the Church’s foundation?

The pope alone can with right be called universal.

what did Dictatus Papae claim about the pope’s title?

The pope alone can depose or reinstate bishops.

what did Dictatus Papae say the pope can do regarding bishops?

The pope’s name alone can be spoken in churches

what did Dictatus Papae say about speaking the pope’s name in churches?

The pope may depose emperors.

what did Dictatus Papae say the pope can do regarding emperors?

No one (“the pope may be judged by no one”).

who may judge the pope?

The Roman Church has never erred and will not err to all eternity (Scripture bearing witness)

What did the lesson say about the Roman Church and error?

Territories controlled by the Pope and the Church.

What are the Papal States

A practice where lords would sell church offices (an income source for lords and nobles).

What is simony

He rigorously attacked the problem; simony became occasional rather than normal.

How did Pope Gregory VII address simony (per the lesson)?

The Act of Papal Supremacy.

What did Pope Innocent III declare (as named in the lesson)?

Lower than God but higher than man.

how is the Pope positioned relative to God and man?

(1) Power of salvation via administration of sacraments (to manipulate people/leaders),

(2) Excommunication (can’t receive sacraments),

(3) Interdict over an entire country/region (no one can receive sacraments).

What 3 “weapons” of the Church

Educational guilds.

Medieval universities began as what, according to the lesson?

University of Bologna, Italy.

What was the first medieval university mentioned, and where?

Students formed their own guild

What happened in 1158 at Bologna

University at Oxford; University of Paris.

Name 2 other medieval universities shown in the lesson besides Bologna.

Grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy.

What 7 subjects are listed as areas of study in medieval universities?

Books were rare and expensive

Why were lectures the main teaching method in medieval universities?

When a student applied for a degree.

When were exams given in medieval universities

Theology, law, medicine.

What 3 degrees are offered in medieval universities

How do we reconcile new scientific discoveries with teaching of the Church?

What “crisis question” led to scholasticism

The effort to reconcile faith and reason—showing what was accepted on faith is in harmony with what can be learned through reason and experience

Define scholasticism exactly as the lesson frames it.

Aristotle

Which Greek philosopher is highlighted as influential on medieval thinking?

The view of the world is learned through the senses and through what we experience.

What quote/idea of Aristotle is shown in the lesson about learning the world?

Aristotle taught that the universe was eternal

What Aristotle teaching conflicted with Christian teaching of Creation?

God as an impersonal principle causing order, unmoved; Christianity: God concerned with the deeds of people.

How did Aristotle’s view of God differ from Christianity (as explained in the lesson)?

1 Faith-based truths don’t need scientific proof because they come from an infallible God;

(2) both faith and reason come from God and support (not compete with) each other.

What 2 key points about faith and reason are taught by Thomas Aquinas in the lesson?

Truth revealed by faith and cannot be proven by science

In Aquinas’ model, what is “religious truth”?

Things that can be proven by science.

In Aquinas’ model, what is “scientific truth”?

Summa Theologica

What is Thomas Aquinas’ best-known work

latin

It was Rome’s language and a common language used in churches and universities; it helped students from different countries understand teachings.

Language of the common people.

What does “vernacular” mean in the lesson?

Spanish, French, English, German

What vernacular languages are listed as examples?

Traveling poets and musicians who went from court to court telling stories of courtly love.

Who were troubadours (per the lesson)?

Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales

What is described as perhaps the first popular English work?

A collection of stories (late 1300s) framed as a storytelling contest by pilgrims going to Canterbury Cathedral; it gives insight into medieval life.

What kind of book is Canterbury Tales (structure/setting)?

The History of the Kings of Britain

What work was written by Geoffrey of Monmouth around 1136?

Arthur and Merlin

What 2 famous characters became popular partly due to Geoffrey of Monmouth’s work

1150

Around what year did architects begin building in the Gothic style (per the lesson)?

Rectangular building with a flat wooden roof

What is basilica-type architecture in the lesson?

Rounded arch roof; thick walls with small windows; stone roofs.

List the Romanesque features in the Romanesque vs Gothic comparison.

Vaulted (pointed) arches; flying buttresses; thinner walls; stained glass windows; more natural light

List the Gothic features in the Romanesque vs Gothic comparison.

Stained glass windows

To teach Bible stories to a mostly illiterate population.

Waterspouts

What are gargoyles according to the lesson?

They were grotesques meant to scare away evil spirits.

Besides being waterspouts, what was another purpose of gargoyles

The Black Death (bubonic plague) was a bacterial infection

What is the Black Death (definition + type) in the lesson?

Killed 38 million out of a pre-plague population of 75 million

How many people did the Black Death kill in Europe, and out of what pre-plague population (per the lesson)?

plague-boils

Swellings (often in groin or armpits) that could grow to the size of an apple or egg; blood and pus could seep out.

Fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, terrible aches and pains, then death.

Besides swellings, what other symptoms follow (as listed in the lesson)?

The lymphatic system (causing swollen lymph nodes).

What body system does the bubonic plague attack (per the lesson)?

To the blood or lungs.

If untreated, where can the infection spread (per the lesson)?

Decline in population; labor shortage; towns freed from feudal obligations; power of Church declined; disruption of trade.

List the main impacts of the Black Death in the lesson (general impacts section).

Anti-semitism; blamed Jews; massacres throughout Europe.

What “social symptoms” of the Black Death are listed?

Enough farmland; people could afford to buy land; workers demanded wages for labor; cities grew; merchants explored new businesses.

List the economic consequences of the Black Death in the lesson.