C2 Bonding & Structure

Compound

Compound

2 or more elements chemically combined

Ionic bonds

Oppositely charge particles

Formed from metals and non metals

Metal loses electron and becomes positively charged

Non metal gain electron and becomes negatively charged

Transfer of atoms to have the same structure as a noble gas

Covalent

Particles shared pair of atoms

Two non metals combined

Polymers contain large covalent bonded molecules

Small molecules have strong covalent bonds

Metallic

Atoms which share delocalised electrons are shared evenly

Can move around, can carry current

Occurs in two metals

Properties of ionic compounds

• regular structures (giant ionic lattices) Which contain strong electrostatic forces of attraction in all directions

• High melting + Boiling point due to strong bonds

• Can conduct electricity when dissolved in water as the ions are free to move

Properties of small molecules

• usually gases or liquids

• Low melting/ boiling point

• Weak intermolecular bonds

• Don’t conduct electricity due to no overall electric charge

Properties of polymers

• have very large molecules

• Linked to other atoms through strong covalent bonds

• Intermolecular forces Are strong so they are solids at room temp

Giant covalent structures

• structures are solids with high melting points

• Atoms linked to other atoms through strong covalent bonds

Properties of metal

• have giant structures with strong metallic bonding

• Most have high melting/ boiling point

• Layers of atoms are able to slide over each other, making is shapeable and flexible

Properties of alloys

• made from two or more metals

• Different sized atoms so they can’t slide over each other (more solid)

Diamond properties

• joined to four other carbons covalently, so doesn’t have any free electrons

• Does not conduct electricity

• Has very high melting point due to strong bonds

Properties of graphite

• each carbon is covalently bonded to 3 other carbons, hexagonal rings

• Have no covalent bonds between layers

• Weak intermolecular bonds, making graphite soft and slippery

• Single delocalised atom

Properties of graphene

• single layer of graphite

• Useful in electronics and composites due to tightly bonded layers + flexible

Fullerenes

• Molecules of carbon atom with hollow shapes

• Hexagonal rings, but can have 5 or 7 carbon atoms

Carbon nanotubes

• cylindrical fullerenes with high length to diameter ratio

• Properties make them useful for nanotechnology, electronics, materials

Uses of nanotubes

• lubricants

• Catalysts

• To deliver drugs into body

• Reinforcing materials

Nano particles

• contain few hundred atoms

• Smaller than fine particles

• 1-100 nanometers

• Involve fullerenes