PHYSIOLOGY - ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND FLOW

10 – 15%

The amount of blood within the arterial vessels is normally about ___ of the total blood volume.

blood pressure

The force exerted by blood on the walls of the arteries

systolic pressure /diastolic pressure

Arterial pressure is usually written as:

pulse pressure

it is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

50 mm hg

how much is pulse pressure usually?

mean pressure

it is the average pressure throughout the cardiac cycle

diastolic pressure plus 1/3 of the pulse pressure

mean pressure is equal to:

their resistance to flow is small

blood pressure falls very slightly in the large and medium sized arteries. this is because?

small arteries and arterioles

pressure falls rapidly in them because they are the main sites of peripheral resistance

direct measurement and indirect measurement

in what ways can blood pressure be recorded?

palpatory method, auscultatory method, oscillatory method

enumerate the different methods of indirect measurement of BP

Riva-Rocca method

other term for palpatory method

Korotkoff method

other term for auscultatory method

Pachon method

other term for oscillatory method

direct measurement

This method of measurement makes use of a cannula inserted into an artery and connected directly to a pressure recording device such as manometer.

end pressure

what kind of pressure does direct measurement measure?

lateral pressure in the brachial artery

what type of pressure does all three methods of indirect measurement measure?

Korotkoff sounds

the specific noises heard through a stethoscope during the measurement of blood pressure

5

how many phases does the Korotkoff sounds have?

phase 1

a sharp tapping sound heard as a small amount of blood starts entering the previously compressed brachial artery. this becomes louder as pressure is lowered. what phase of Korotkoff sounds is this?

phase 2

a shift to a softer, more hissing (murmuring) sound as more blood passes through the brachial artery. what phase of Korotkoff sounds is this?

phase 3

the sound becomes more thudding in nature as pressure is lowered further. what phase of Korotkoff sounds is this?

phase 4

the thudding sound becomes muffled. what phase of Korotkoff sounds is this?

phase 5

disappearance of the sound. what phase of Korotkoff sounds is this?

phase 4

this phase more closely approximates true diastolic pressure, particularly in disease states such as aortic insufficiency.

cuff size

it is important in the measurement of arterial pressure

20% wider

the cuff ideally should be about ____ than the diameter of the arm.

flush method

it is another method of estimating pressure, particularly in infants

flush method

In this method, much of the blood is removed from the superficial vessels by compressing them with fingers or an elastic bandage or simply by elevating the arm until the arm is pale. The blood pressure is removed or the arm is lowered. As the cuff is slowly deflated, a point is reached where the skin vessels suddenly fill with blood and change to a brighter red.

flush pressure

In the flush method, as the cuff is slowly deflated, a point is reached where the skin vessels suddenly fill with blood and change to a brighter red. it also approximates mean blood pressure. what is this called?

auscultatory gap

when individuals have this, phase 2 at the Korotkoff sounds may disappear

age, sex, build, digestion, sleep, emotion or excitement, exercise

enumerate the factors that can influence blood pressure

20-60 mm Hg

At birth, systolic pressure is about ?

70 mm Hg

at 2 weeks of age, systolic pressure is about?

80 mm Hg

at 1 month of age, systolic pressure is about?

105 mm Hg

at the age of 12 years, systolic pressure steadily rises to about?

120 mm Hg

at the age of 17 years, systolic pressure abruptly rises to about?

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE: a steady but a gradual fall of BP takes place from adolescence to old age.

4 - 5 mmHg lower

in women, up to the time of menopause, the systolic pressure is ______ than in men of the

same age.

abrupt rise

for women at menopause, there is an _____ in systolic pressure

markedly obese individuals

these individuals have a more pronounced increase in systolic pressure, and the incidence of

hypertension among them is also greater.

6-8 mm Hg

Digestion of food is usually accompanied by a light rise of systolic pressure (___?__) that lasts for

an hour or so.

fall

in the first few hours of quiet, restful sleep there may be a ____ systolic pressure by about 15-30 mm Hg.

elevation

Dreams may be characterized an _____ of systolic pressure.

15-30 mm Hg

In the first few hours of quiet, restful sleep there may be a fall systolic pressure by about _______.

excitement, fear, or worry

it may affect the systolic pressure as a result for stimulation of sympathetic centers in the medulla, as well as adrenal secretion of epinephrine.

physical condition of the person, mass of muscle involved, and type of work performed

the effect of exercise on blood pressure to a certain extent depends on the following:

30 mm Hg, 45 mm Hg

The rise in systolic pressure in strenuous treadmill exercise may range from __ to __ in dynamic exercise.

relatively localized isometric work

relatively localized isometric work and rhythmic dynamic exercise. which can produce higher blood pressure elevations?

cardiac output, peripheral resistance, viscosity of blood, quantity of blood in the arterial system, elasticity of the vessel wall

enumerate the several factors that combine to determine the magnitude of blood pressure

increases

an increase in cardiac output ____ the blood pressure

systolic

cardiac output is more likely to bring about changes in ___ pressure

peripheral resistance

depends upon the caliber of the small blood vessels, mainly the arterioles.

diastolic

changes in peripheral resistance are more likely to bring about changes in _____ pressure.

greater

the greater the viscosity of blood, the _____ the pressure required to force it along a narrow tube.

arterial walls

they are distensible and elastic

greater

The greater the extent of overfilling the _____ is the blood pressure.

mean blood pressure

it is the elasticity of the vessels wall that permits these vessels to maintain a pressure during diastole

of the ventricle, and would sustain the ______ at a level higher than it would be if the

system were rigid.

elastic recoil

of the arterial wall acts as a subsidiary pump to drive blood onward in a continuous stream

120 mm Hg

The pressure is the aorta and in the brachial and other large arteries in a young adult rises to a peak value” (systolic pressure) of about ____ during each cardiac cycle,

70 mm Hg

after the peak value, the blood pressure then falls to a minimum value (diastolic pressure) of about ____ .