lab 5 physio

metabolism

sum of all the biochemical reactions that are occurring in the body

anabolism

cell components are synthesized from smaller precursor molecules

catabolism

the hydrolysis of complex substances into simpler molecules or atoms

proteins, glycogen, and hormones need for growth, maintenance, and secretion

what do anabolic reactions create

create ATP

what do catabolic reactions create

calorie

amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1° C

Calorie

one Calorie = 1 kilocalorie/1000 calories

metabolic rate

total energy expenditure for the body; higher metabolic rate, more energy is produced, more food required

calorimtery

measyres the amount of heat released by the body as it warms water circulating through a chamber; rise in water temp = amount of heat prod by body

respirometry

amount of oxygen consumed by the body is measured for a set period of time; amount of oxygen consumed = amount of heat produced by oxidation of food

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

minimum energy expenditure needed to maintain essential activities (breathing, minimal organ function)

lean body mass

amount of actively metabolizing tissue

a person’s age, gender, body surface area and level of thyroxine secretion

what is BMR affected by?

Graves’ disease

autoimmune disease caused by antibodies which attach to specific activating sites and cause the thyroid to make more hormones

total metabolic rate (TMR)

sum of all the kilocalorie consumption in the body

absorptive state of metabolism

energy substrates are used or stored as macromolecules

glycogenesis

excess glucose is converted to glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles

very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs)

transports triglycerides made by the liver to adipocytes

postabsorptive state of metabolism

energy reserves are mobilized because the energy expenditure is greater than energy intake

glycogenolysis

glycogen is converted to gluvose-6-phosphate and used as an energy source in muscle cells

glucoeogenesis

muscle proteins converted to amino acids and transported to the liver; non-carbohydrate precursors are converted to new glucose molecules

insulin

prod site: beta cells of pancreas

primary stimulus: increase blood glucose and blood amino acids

blood glucose effect: decrease blood glucose

carb metabolism: increased glucose uptake into cells, increased glycogenesis, decreased gluconeogenesis

decreased glycogenolysis

lipid metabolism: increased lipogenesis, decrease lipolysis, decreased ketogenesis

protein metabolism: increased amino acid uptake into cells, increased protein synthesis

glucagon

prod site: alpha cells of pancreas

primary stimulus: decreased blood glucose, increased blood amino acids

blood glucose effect: increased blood glucose

carb metabolism: increased glycogenolysis, increased gluconeogenesis

lipid metabolism: increased lipolysis, increased ketogenesis

protein metabolism: increased proteolysis

thyroid hormone

prod sit: follicular cells of thyroid gland

primary stimulus: TSH from anterior pituitary

no effect on blood glucose

increased glucose utilization through glycolysis

increased lipolysis

increased protein synthesis

growth hormone

prod site: anterior pituitary gland

primary stimulus: GHRH from hypothalamus (sleep, stress, exercise)

increased blood glucose

increased glycogenolysis, increased gluconeogenesis, decreased glucose uptake into cells

increased lipolysis, increased ketogenesis

increased amino acid uptake into cells, increased protein synthesis

glucocorticoid (cortisol)

prod site: adrenal cortex

primary stim: ACTH from anterior pituitary

increased blood glucose

increased gluconeogenesis, decreased glucose uptake into cells

increased lipolysis, increased ketogenesis

decreased amino acid uptake into cells, increased proteolysis