lab final bio

interphase

nucleus appears normal, and the cell is performing various cellular functions

unicellular organisms…

can use mitosis for asexual reproduction

why do cells need to divide

growth, differentiation and repair

mitosis

the entire process of nuclear division

cytokinesis

the process of splitting the cytoplasm

when is the dna replicated

s-phase

cancer

disease of the cell cycle

what phase do senescent cells stay in

g0

1

sister chromatids

2

centromere

3

telomere

aneuploidy

incorrect number of chromosomes

a spindle is composed of

spindle fibers formed by centrosomes

where are centrosomes located?

the poles of the spindle

aster

array of fibers

cytokinesis in animal cells forms a

cleavage furrow

cytokinesis in plant cells forms

a cell plate

contractile ring

band of actin filaments

meiosis

nuclear division of gametes

tetrad

two pairs of homologous chromosomes

synapsis

homologues pair up

interkenesis

short period of time between meiosis I and II

spermatogenesis

the production of sperm

oogenesis

the production of eggs

haploid cells

have 1 copy of each chromosome

reductive division

first meiosis division

sources of genetic variation

crossing over, independent assortment, random fertilization

when does crossing over happen

prophase I

how many different ways can chromosomes arrange

2²³

germ cell

starts meiosis

genotype

refers to an individuals genes

phenotype

refers to a persons physical appearance

dihybrid cross ratio

9:3:3:1

scientific word for flies

drosophila

autosomes

non sex determination chromosomes

biotechnology

the use of natural biological systems to create a product or achieve some other end desired by human

genetic engineering

modification of an organisms genes

protein synthesis

gene expression

transcription

happens in nucleus during interphase, stimulated by transcription factors, done by rna polymerase

translation

happens in cytosol during interphase, coordinated by an rRNA

stop codons

UAA, UAG, UGA

start codon

AUG

how many codons are there within RNA?

64

How many amino acids do codons code for

20

DNA is said to have

a triplet code

every three bases is called

a codon

each RNA has one particular tRNA amino acid at one end what a specific _ at the other

anticodon

what is the process called where charged DNA molecules migrate across a span of gel because they are placed ina powerful electrical field?

electrophoresis

4 micro evolution forces

natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, mutations

the theory of evolution broadly describes

genetic change in populations

what is the tendency to produce more offspring than competing individuals

fitness

the proportion of individuals in a certain category relative to the total number of individuals considered

frequency

P=

2(BB)+(Bb)/2(total population)

factors such as temperatures and predation that affect organisms and result in selective reproduction of phenotypes

selection pressures

chlamydomona

gonium

pandorina

eudorina

volvox

Hardy-Weinberg equation

P²+2PQ+Q²=1

hardy-weinberg conditions

no mutations, random mating, no gene flow (migration), a very large population size, and no natural selection

prophase

prometaphase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

Why do we dissect other vertebrates

because of homology

gene flow

migration

recombinant chromosomes

chromosomes that have crossed over

p²

Frequency AA

2pm

frequency of Aa

q²

frequency of a