Norm speech - neurological bases of S+L (pg. 63-75)

Neurolinguistics

Study of the neuroanatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of language

3 components of neuron

Cell body, axon, dendrites

cell body - neuron

controls overall activity; processes and integrates info received from dendrites

axon

transmits impulses away from cell body to dendrites

Dendrites

Receive impulses from other cells and sends them to cell body

Synapse

space between the axon and one neuron and dendrites of another

CNS

central nervous system, brain and spinal cord

PNS

peripheral nervous system, neural tissues throughout rest of the body

cerebellum - location

-posterior base of brain

-Left and right hemisphere and central region

cerebellum - functions

-coordinates fine motor

-maintains muscle tone

-participants in motor learning

-influence on language processing and higher-level cognitive + emotional functions

-working memory + attention

cerebrum location

-atop brainstem + cerebellum

-in left and right hemisphere

cerebrum functions

sensory and motor functions

contralateral

each hemisphere is concerned with the opposite side of the body; except in vision and hearing

cortex

outermost gray layer of the brain, made up of neuron cell bodies

corpus callosum

Connection between the left and right hemispheres

Executive functioning

readies your brain and assigns resources; control over the whole brain

Homunculus - motor cortex

-front of the central sulcus

-Controls motor movements; the finer the movement the larger the area

3 brain functions

regulation, processing, formulation

regulation - location

Reticular formation

Regulation - function

-responsible for energy level and overall tone of cortex

-basic level of awareness and helps you monitor, evaluate, and adjust behavior for successful performance

processing - location

posterior portion of cortex

processing - function

-controls information analysis, coding, and storage

-processes sensory stimuli

formulation - location

frontal lobe

formulation - function

-responsible for the formation of intentions and programs for behavior

-primarily to activate the brain for regulation of attention and concentration

right hemisphere specialized for

-holistic processing through simultaneous integration of info

-dominate in processing of depth, orientation in space, and perception and recognition of faces, pictures, and photographs

RH language-related skills include

-recognize printed words

-comprehend and produce speech prosody and affect

-comprehend and produce metaphorical language and semantics

-comprehend complex linguistics and abstract material and environmental sounds

RH role in pragmatics

the perception and expression of emotion in langauge

Ability to understand jokes, irony, and figurative language

Ability to produce and comprehend logical discussion

Left hemisphere specialized for

-oral, visual, and written language

-linear order perception, arithmetic, calculation, and logical reasoning

importance/role of brain maturation, specialization + language development

-important aspects of brain maturation are weight and organization

Myelination

process of the nervous system maturing, where the nerve develops a protective myelin sheath

Linguistic processing - comprehension and production

-word retrieval/word and sentences comprehension rely on different contribution areas of the brain

-phonetic, phonological, grammatical, and semantic are all parts of language processing

-depends on lexicon

lexicon

personal dictionary

for language comprehension auditory signals received in brainstem are relayed to______

heschl’s area

Language comprehension is separated, differentiated, and sent to _________ for processing

left temporal lobe

incoming information undergoes linguistic analysis in ________

Wernicke’s area

Role of angular gyrus in linguistic processing

helps word recall

role of supramarginal gyrus in linguistic processing

processes longer syntactic units like sentences

Figurative and abstract language processing occurs in _______________

right hemisphere around the brocas and Wernicke’s area

for langauge production, the message structure is organized in _____________

Wernicke’s area

language production message is transmitted through _________ (white matter tract)

Arcuate fasciculus

detailing and coordinating speech programming occurs in __________

Broca’s area

muscles activated in regions of the _________ for respiration, phonation, resonating, and articulation

motor cortex